Open challenger datasets

import oceanbench

oceanbench.__version__

'0.6.0'

Insert here the code that opens the challenger dataset as challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Mercator Ocean International <https://www.mercator-ocean.eu/>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: EUPL-1.2

# Open WenHai 1 degree interpolated challenger forecasts with xarray
import xarray
import oceanbench

challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset = oceanbench.datasets.challenger.wenhai_1_degree()

challenger_dataset

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 12GB
Dimensions:                          (first_day_datetime: 52,
                                      lead_day_index: 10, depth: 23,
                                      latitude: 170, longitude: 360)
Coordinates:
  * depth                            (depth) float32 92B 0.494 2.646 ... 643.6
  * lead_day_index                   (lead_day_index) int64 80B 0 1 2 ... 7 8 9
  * first_day_datetime               (first_day_datetime) datetime64[ns] 416B ...
  * latitude                         (latitude) float64 1kB -79.5 -78.5 ... 89.5
  * longitude                        (longitude) float64 3kB -179.5 ... 179.5
Data variables:
    sea_water_salinity               (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 3GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    sea_water_potential_temperature  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 3GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    eastward_sea_water_velocity      (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 3GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    northward_sea_water_velocity     (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 3GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    sea_surface_height_above_geoid   (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude) float32 127MB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes:
    Conventions:                   CF-1.8
    challenger:                    wenhai
    forecast_reference_time:       2024-01-02
    oceanbench_source_kind:        challenger
    oceanbench_source_name:        wenhai
    oceanbench_source_resolution:  one_degree

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • first_day_datetime: 52
  • lead_day_index: 10
  • depth: 23
  • latitude: 170
  • longitude: 360
• Coordinates: (5)
  • depth
    (depth)
    float32
    0.494 2.646 5.078 ... 541.1 643.6

    axis :

    Z

    long_name :

    Depth

    positive :

    down

    standard_name :

    depth

    units :

    m

    array([4.940250e-01, 2.645669e+00, 5.078224e+00, 7.929560e+00, 1.140500e+01,
           1.581007e+01, 2.159882e+01, 2.944473e+01, 4.034405e+01, 5.576429e+01,
           7.785385e+01, 9.232607e+01, 1.097293e+02, 1.306660e+02, 1.558507e+02,
           1.861256e+02, 2.224752e+02, 2.660403e+02, 3.181274e+02, 3.802130e+02,
           4.539377e+02, 5.410889e+02, 6.435668e+02], dtype=float32)

  • lead_day_index
    (lead_day_index)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

  • first_day_datetime
    (first_day_datetime)
    datetime64[ns]
    2024-01-03 ... 2024-12-25

    array(['2024-01-03T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-01-10T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-01-17T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-01-24T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-01-31T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-02-07T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-02-14T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-02-21T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-02-28T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-03-06T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-03-13T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-03-20T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-03-27T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-04-03T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-04-10T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-04-17T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-04-24T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-05-01T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-05-08T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-05-15T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-05-22T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-05-29T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-06-05T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-06-12T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-06-19T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-06-26T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-07-03T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-07-10T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-07-17T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-07-24T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-07-31T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-08-07T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-08-14T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-08-21T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-08-28T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-09-04T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-09-11T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-09-18T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-09-25T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-10-02T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-10-09T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-10-16T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-10-23T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-10-30T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-11-06T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-11-13T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-11-20T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-11-27T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-12-04T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-12-11T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-12-18T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-12-25T00:00:00.000000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[ns]')

  • latitude
    (latitude)
    float64
    -79.5 -78.5 -77.5 ... 88.5 89.5

    axis :

    Y

    long_name :

    Latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    units :

    degrees_north

    array([-79.5, -78.5, -77.5, -76.5, -75.5, -74.5, -73.5, -72.5, -71.5, -70.5,
           -69.5, -68.5, -67.5, -66.5, -65.5, -64.5, -63.5, -62.5, -61.5, -60.5,
           -59.5, -58.5, -57.5, -56.5, -55.5, -54.5, -53.5, -52.5, -51.5, -50.5,
           -49.5, -48.5, -47.5, -46.5, -45.5, -44.5, -43.5, -42.5, -41.5, -40.5,
           -39.5, -38.5, -37.5, -36.5, -35.5, -34.5, -33.5, -32.5, -31.5, -30.5,
           -29.5, -28.5, -27.5, -26.5, -25.5, -24.5, -23.5, -22.5, -21.5, -20.5,
           -19.5, -18.5, -17.5, -16.5, -15.5, -14.5, -13.5, -12.5, -11.5, -10.5,
            -9.5,  -8.5,  -7.5,  -6.5,  -5.5,  -4.5,  -3.5,  -2.5,  -1.5,  -0.5,
             0.5,   1.5,   2.5,   3.5,   4.5,   5.5,   6.5,   7.5,   8.5,   9.5,
            10.5,  11.5,  12.5,  13.5,  14.5,  15.5,  16.5,  17.5,  18.5,  19.5,
            20.5,  21.5,  22.5,  23.5,  24.5,  25.5,  26.5,  27.5,  28.5,  29.5,
            30.5,  31.5,  32.5,  33.5,  34.5,  35.5,  36.5,  37.5,  38.5,  39.5,
            40.5,  41.5,  42.5,  43.5,  44.5,  45.5,  46.5,  47.5,  48.5,  49.5,
            50.5,  51.5,  52.5,  53.5,  54.5,  55.5,  56.5,  57.5,  58.5,  59.5,
            60.5,  61.5,  62.5,  63.5,  64.5,  65.5,  66.5,  67.5,  68.5,  69.5,
            70.5,  71.5,  72.5,  73.5,  74.5,  75.5,  76.5,  77.5,  78.5,  79.5,
            80.5,  81.5,  82.5,  83.5,  84.5,  85.5,  86.5,  87.5,  88.5,  89.5])

  • longitude
    (longitude)
    float64
    -179.5 -178.5 ... 178.5 179.5

    axis :

    X

    long_name :

    Longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    units :

    degrees_east

    array([-179.5, -178.5, -177.5, ...,  177.5,  178.5,  179.5], shape=(360,))

• Data variables: (5)
  • sea_water_salinity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    long_name :

    Salinity

    longitudeg_name :

    Salinity

    standard_name :

    sea_water_salinity

    units :

    1e-3

    Array Chunk Bytes 2.73 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 23, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 11960 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • sea_water_potential_temperature
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    long_name :

    Temperature

    longitudeg_name :

    Temperature

    standard_name :

    sea_water_potential_temperature

    units :

    degrees_C

    Array Chunk Bytes 2.73 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 23, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 11960 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • eastward_sea_water_velocity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    long_name :

    Eastward velocity

    longitudeg_name :

    Eastward velocity

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    Array Chunk Bytes 2.73 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 23, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 11960 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • northward_sea_water_velocity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    long_name :

    Northward velocity

    longitudeg_name :

    Northward velocity

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    Array Chunk Bytes 2.73 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 23, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 11960 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • sea_surface_height_above_geoid
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    long_name :

    Sea surface height

    longitudeg_name :

    Sea surface height

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    units :

    m

    Array Chunk Bytes 121.40 MiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 170, 360) (1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 520 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

• Indexes: (5)
  • depth
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0.49402499198913574,  2.6456689834594727,   5.078224182128906,
              7.92956018447876,  11.404999732971191,  15.810070037841797,
            21.598819732666016,  29.444730758666992,  40.344051361083984,
             55.76428985595703,   77.85385131835938,    92.3260726928711,
            109.72930145263672,  130.66600036621094,  155.85069274902344,
            186.12559509277344,  222.47520446777344,   266.0403137207031,
             318.1274108886719,   380.2130126953125,   453.9377136230469,
             541.0889282226562,   643.5667724609375],
          dtype='float32', name='depth'))

  • lead_day_index
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], dtype='int64', name='lead_day_index'))

  • first_day_datetime
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2024-01-03', '2024-01-10', '2024-01-17', '2024-01-24',
                   '2024-01-31', '2024-02-07', '2024-02-14', '2024-02-21',
                   '2024-02-28', '2024-03-06', '2024-03-13', '2024-03-20',
                   '2024-03-27', '2024-04-03', '2024-04-10', '2024-04-17',
                   '2024-04-24', '2024-05-01', '2024-05-08', '2024-05-15',
                   '2024-05-22', '2024-05-29', '2024-06-05', '2024-06-12',
                   '2024-06-19', '2024-06-26', '2024-07-03', '2024-07-10',
                   '2024-07-17', '2024-07-24', '2024-07-31', '2024-08-07',
                   '2024-08-14', '2024-08-21', '2024-08-28', '2024-09-04',
                   '2024-09-11', '2024-09-18', '2024-09-25', '2024-10-02',
                   '2024-10-09', '2024-10-16', '2024-10-23', '2024-10-30',
                   '2024-11-06', '2024-11-13', '2024-11-20', '2024-11-27',
                   '2024-12-04', '2024-12-11', '2024-12-18', '2024-12-25'],
                  dtype='datetime64[ns]', name='first_day_datetime', freq=None))

  • latitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([-79.5, -78.5, -77.5, -76.5, -75.5, -74.5, -73.5, -72.5, -71.5, -70.5,
           ...
            80.5,  81.5,  82.5,  83.5,  84.5,  85.5,  86.5,  87.5,  88.5,  89.5],
          dtype='float64', name='latitude', length=170))

  • longitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([-179.5, -178.5, -177.5, -176.5, -175.5, -174.5, -173.5, -172.5, -171.5,
           -170.5,
           ...
            170.5,  171.5,  172.5,  173.5,  174.5,  175.5,  176.5,  177.5,  178.5,
            179.5],
          dtype='float64', name='longitude', length=360))

• Attributes: (6)

  Conventions :

  CF-1.8

  challenger :

  wenhai

  forecast_reference_time :

  2024-01-02

  oceanbench_source_kind :

  challenger

  oceanbench_source_name :

  wenhai

  oceanbench_source_resolution :

  one_degree

Evaluation configuration

region = 'global'

Evaluation of challenger dataset using OceanBench

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10	Missing fraction
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.067355	0.067922	0.068409	0.069148	0.070131	0.071242	0.072548	0.074006	0.075130	0.076442	0.000747
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.544466	0.545752	0.547206	0.550485	0.556203	0.564055	0.575366	0.587539	0.598149	0.610022	0.000747
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.569539	0.566599	0.564117	0.562559	0.561956	0.561998	0.562338	0.562551	0.562738	0.563771	0.000747
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.129054	0.129009	0.129755	0.131044	0.132535	0.134576	0.137055	0.139916	0.142189	0.144372	0.000747
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.131548	0.132048	0.133306	0.135075	0.137054	0.139710	0.142946	0.146385	0.149092	0.151740	0.000747
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.879436	0.875094	0.872452	0.870864	0.871587	0.874975	0.881646	0.889388	0.894044	0.898993	0.000536
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.273253	0.272265	0.271529	0.271006	0.270793	0.270895	0.271330	0.271950	0.272294	0.272627	0.000536
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.122703	0.122579	0.123099	0.124036	0.125073	0.126375	0.128172	0.130169	0.131527	0.132819	0.000536
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.125650	0.126171	0.127126	0.128287	0.129527	0.131284	0.133714	0.136391	0.138199	0.140031	0.000536
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	1.092571	1.090111	1.089695	1.091522	1.095512	1.101496	1.109859	1.118321	1.123855	1.130141	0.000803
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.198076	0.197203	0.196598	0.196365	0.196339	0.196548	0.196962	0.197473	0.197727	0.197928	0.000803
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.119914	0.119463	0.119513	0.119899	0.120530	0.121602	0.123005	0.124481	0.125333	0.126173	0.000803
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.125600	0.125343	0.125471	0.126006	0.126879	0.127956	0.129380	0.131159	0.132395	0.133571	0.000803
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.907547	0.905490	0.904208	0.904177	0.905085	0.907665	0.911748	0.915846	0.917939	0.920149	0.000760
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.162356	0.161733	0.161301	0.161066	0.161036	0.161215	0.161574	0.161888	0.161997	0.162171	0.000760
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.117736	0.117059	0.116717	0.116591	0.116600	0.116825	0.117387	0.118034	0.118361	0.118705	0.000760
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.124554	0.124067	0.123762	0.123668	0.123756	0.124038	0.124546	0.125314	0.125771	0.126273	0.000760
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.767174	0.765195	0.764017	0.764260	0.765637	0.768098	0.771481	0.775483	0.777559	0.779521	0.000694
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.135450	0.134966	0.134612	0.134493	0.134571	0.134771	0.135109	0.135543	0.135757	0.135975	0.000694
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.115034	0.114280	0.113828	0.113575	0.113497	0.113592	0.113958	0.114425	0.114579	0.114777	0.000694
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.120334	0.119794	0.119424	0.119219	0.119180	0.119320	0.119671	0.120158	0.120419	0.120730	0.000694
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.590962	0.589363	0.588159	0.588082	0.588832	0.590692	0.593610	0.596820	0.598110	0.599450	0.000489
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.102837	0.102471	0.102266	0.102271	0.102355	0.102545	0.102869	0.103222	0.103381	0.103606	0.000489
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.105433	0.104582	0.103963	0.103505	0.103202	0.103038	0.103069	0.103185	0.103146	0.103127	0.000489
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.110145	0.109455	0.108944	0.108573	0.108385	0.108345	0.108453	0.108637	0.108678	0.108785	0.000489

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10	Missing fraction
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	35.947348	38.604939	41.255573	43.551128	45.471109	47.172194	48.868358	50.371657	51.547476	52.665517	0.000747

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10	Missing fraction
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.049086	0.050077	0.051109	0.052305	0.053780	0.055494	0.057390	0.059298	0.060766	0.062226	0.00124
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.041318	0.042198	0.043123	0.044259	0.045558	0.047061	0.048731	0.050454	0.051785	0.053046	0.00112

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to observations

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_observations(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10	Observations	Missing
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.758865	0.785654	0.746819	0.766594	0.779505	0.822915	0.827073	0.831489	0.861568	0.823859	150081	2136
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{0-5m}	0.772219	0.769715	0.784544	0.812709	0.805280	0.827829	0.848224	0.826780	0.820837	0.855516	80763	1863
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{5-100m}	0.899450	0.883128	0.870383	0.912196	0.895678	0.899025	0.911556	0.946254	0.940468	0.950213	1334564	51483
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100-300m}	0.821020	0.824396	0.816730	0.826538	0.845874	0.832067	0.862673	0.866748	0.883150	0.898252	2117343	97418
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300-600m}	0.555522	0.566804	0.557105	0.566811	0.582152	0.582030	0.594928	0.592555	0.599768	0.609506	2622487	116010
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{0-5m}	0.252265	0.276009	0.273215	0.293241	0.273163	0.278182	0.269959	0.260832	0.288915	0.287180	68940	1620
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{5-100m}	0.192808	0.193927	0.196598	0.198255	0.199972	0.196357	0.201474	0.200025	0.203404	0.211097	1136708	46458
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100-300m}	0.128476	0.129359	0.129016	0.129107	0.132020	0.128487	0.136120	0.133243	0.134597	0.140647	1803408	90584
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300-600m}	0.080793	0.082360	0.080739	0.082613	0.084622	0.082743	0.086044	0.085770	0.085730	0.088448	2225476	105529
Sea level anomaly (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.051893	0.053010	0.054155	0.055908	0.057446	0.059278	0.061301	0.063020	0.065237	0.066852	15390586	473474
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.132478	0.132765	0.135214	0.135613	0.135574	0.135324	0.137340	0.139592	0.141187	0.143712	1202530	11189
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.122862	0.122993	0.124478	0.126011	0.127204	0.128408	0.130458	0.131798	0.133336	0.134947	1202530	11189

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	10.559449	19.257103	26.971367	34.163914	41.067776	47.808189	54.47847	61.109489	67.71524

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10	Missing fraction
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.017644	0.022933	0.026885	0.031023	0.035399	0.039624	0.044073	0.048360	0.051241	0.054147	0.000000
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.164677	0.209490	0.247038	0.283308	0.320408	0.357911	0.398262	0.437061	0.465404	0.493188	0.000000
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.128662	0.161649	0.188355	0.213192	0.234774	0.254837	0.273965	0.291850	0.306202	0.321133	0.000000
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.051569	0.061515	0.069891	0.078664	0.087505	0.096535	0.105772	0.114517	0.120604	0.125982	0.000000
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.050737	0.062211	0.071361	0.080349	0.089446	0.099292	0.108914	0.118429	0.125441	0.131565	0.000000
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.629895	0.651997	0.671496	0.693920	0.718835	0.746693	0.777724	0.809161	0.830324	0.848769	0.000021
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.105089	0.111529	0.117429	0.123551	0.130193	0.137214	0.144495	0.151671	0.156861	0.161582	0.000021
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.046768	0.053725	0.060951	0.068624	0.076388	0.084241	0.092676	0.100499	0.105840	0.110594	0.000021
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.050765	0.059588	0.067226	0.074863	0.082689	0.091259	0.100332	0.108979	0.115145	0.120328	0.000021
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.248194	0.310491	0.362723	0.414655	0.467643	0.520919	0.574885	0.624429	0.657099	0.688258	0.000291
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.043671	0.056813	0.066875	0.075583	0.083801	0.091795	0.099772	0.107224	0.112418	0.117186	0.000291
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.035433	0.044100	0.051307	0.058757	0.066637	0.074758	0.083038	0.090566	0.095641	0.100061	0.000291
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.034914	0.044503	0.052247	0.060020	0.068126	0.076518	0.084910	0.092761	0.098349	0.103152	0.000291
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.183522	0.240291	0.285383	0.327498	0.369193	0.411729	0.454720	0.494225	0.520776	0.545351	0.000288
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.035074	0.046949	0.056184	0.063966	0.071047	0.077786	0.084444	0.090441	0.094862	0.098987	0.000288
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.028521	0.036586	0.043163	0.049651	0.056447	0.063389	0.070445	0.077012	0.081530	0.085515	0.000288
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.027017	0.035537	0.042278	0.048891	0.055589	0.062636	0.069581	0.076085	0.080849	0.085121	0.000288
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.155274	0.208363	0.250926	0.288609	0.325232	0.363086	0.401264	0.436434	0.459923	0.481544	0.000156
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.030130	0.040760	0.049111	0.055950	0.062165	0.068154	0.074013	0.079373	0.083337	0.086960	0.000156
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.026565	0.034566	0.041036	0.047161	0.053532	0.060030	0.066594	0.072767	0.077088	0.080965	0.000156
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.024822	0.033031	0.039611	0.045833	0.052078	0.058602	0.065104	0.071234	0.075724	0.079801	0.000156
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.121162	0.168763	0.206150	0.238709	0.268717	0.298024	0.327256	0.354301	0.372762	0.389458	0.000211
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.024171	0.032708	0.039560	0.045260	0.050196	0.054749	0.059067	0.063028	0.066003	0.068706	0.000211
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.023849	0.031963	0.038266	0.043960	0.049546	0.055068	0.060597	0.065805	0.069571	0.072932	0.000211
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.022156	0.030460	0.036882	0.042641	0.048236	0.053784	0.059273	0.064491	0.068414	0.071950	0.000211

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10	Missing fraction
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	21.760785	27.118016	31.248326	34.615732	37.290381	39.722288	41.923804	43.674926	45.146412	46.44647	0.0

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10	Missing fraction
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.014139	0.017336	0.020743	0.024574	0.028923	0.033631	0.038588	0.043091	0.045872	0.048492	0.0
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.012075	0.014928	0.017866	0.021217	0.024866	0.028777	0.032879	0.036754	0.039103	0.041228	0.0

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	4.200841	8.195896	12.121107	16.257998	20.732243	25.590183	30.82836	36.400597	42.209976