Open challenger datasets

import oceanbench

oceanbench.__version__

'0.6.0'

Insert here the code that opens the challenger dataset as challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Mercator Ocean International <https://www.mercator-ocean.eu/>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: EUPL-1.2

# Open HClimRep (WeatherGenerator) forecasts with xarray
import xarray
import oceanbench

challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset = oceanbench.datasets.challenger.hclimrep()

challenger_dataset

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 74GB
Dimensions:             (first_day_datetime: 52, lead_day_index: 10, depth: 9,
                         latitude: 672, longitude: 1440)
Coordinates:
  * depth               (depth) float64 72B 0.494 47.37 92.33 ... 453.9 541.1
  * latitude            (latitude) float64 5kB -78.0 -77.75 -77.5 ... 89.5 89.75
  * lead_day_index      (lead_day_index) int64 80B 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  * longitude           (longitude) float64 12kB -180.0 -179.8 ... 179.5 179.8
  * first_day_datetime  (first_day_datetime) datetime64[ns] 416B 2024-01-03 ....
Data variables:
    so                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 18GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>
    thetao              (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 18GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>
    uo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 18GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>
    vo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 18GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>
    zos                 (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude) float32 2GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes:
    Conventions:                                        CF-1.8
    area:                                               Global
    challenger:                                         hclimrep
    institution:                                        ECMWF
    oceanbench_reference_depth_grid_rounding_decimals:  3
    oceanbench_reference_target_depths_m:               [0.494, 47.374, 92.32...
    references:                                         https://huggingface.c...
    source:                                             WeatherGenerator infe...
    title:                                              WeatherGenerator GLOR...
    oceanbench_source_kind:                             challenger
    oceanbench_source_name:                             hclimrep

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • first_day_datetime: 52
  • lead_day_index: 10
  • depth: 9
  • latitude: 672
  • longitude: 1440
• Coordinates: (5)
  • depth
    (depth)
    float64
    0.494 47.37 92.33 ... 453.9 541.1

    positive :

    down

    standard_name :

    depth

    units :

    m

    array([4.94025e-01, 4.73737e+01, 9.23261e+01, 1.55851e+02, 2.22475e+02,
           3.18127e+02, 3.80213e+02, 4.53938e+02, 5.41089e+02])

  • latitude
    (latitude)
    float64
    -78.0 -77.75 -77.5 ... 89.5 89.75

    standard_name :

    latitude

    units :

    degrees_north

    array([-78.  , -77.75, -77.5 , ...,  89.25,  89.5 ,  89.75], shape=(672,))

  • lead_day_index
    (lead_day_index)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

  • longitude
    (longitude)
    float64
    -180.0 -179.8 ... 179.5 179.8

    standard_name :

    longitude

    units :

    degrees_east

    array([-180.  , -179.75, -179.5 , ...,  179.25,  179.5 ,  179.75],
          shape=(1440,))

  • first_day_datetime
    (first_day_datetime)
    datetime64[ns]
    2024-01-03 ... 2024-12-25

    array(['2024-01-03T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-01-10T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-01-17T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-01-24T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-01-31T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-02-07T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-02-14T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-02-21T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-02-28T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-03-06T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-03-13T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-03-20T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-03-27T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-04-03T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-04-10T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-04-17T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-04-24T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-05-01T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-05-08T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-05-15T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-05-22T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-05-29T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-06-05T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-06-12T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-06-19T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-06-26T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-07-03T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-07-10T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-07-17T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-07-24T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-07-31T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-08-07T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-08-14T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-08-21T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-08-28T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-09-04T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-09-11T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-09-18T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-09-25T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-10-02T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-10-09T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-10-16T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-10-23T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-10-30T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-11-06T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-11-13T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-11-20T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-11-27T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-12-04T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-12-11T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-12-18T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-12-25T00:00:00.000000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[ns]')

• Data variables: (5)
  • so
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Salinity

    standard_name :

    sea_water_salinity

    units :

    1e-3

    Array Chunk Bytes 16.87 GiB 3.69 MiB Shape (52, 10, 9, 672, 1440) (1, 1, 1, 672, 1440) Dask graph 4680 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • thetao
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Temperature

    standard_name :

    sea_water_potential_temperature

    units :

    degrees_C

    Array Chunk Bytes 16.87 GiB 3.69 MiB Shape (52, 10, 9, 672, 1440) (1, 1, 1, 672, 1440) Dask graph 4680 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • uo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Eastward velocity

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    Array Chunk Bytes 16.87 GiB 3.69 MiB Shape (52, 10, 9, 672, 1440) (1, 1, 1, 672, 1440) Dask graph 4680 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • vo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Northward velocity

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    Array Chunk Bytes 16.87 GiB 3.69 MiB Shape (52, 10, 9, 672, 1440) (1, 1, 1, 672, 1440) Dask graph 4680 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • zos
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 672, 1440), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Sea surface height

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    units :

    m

    Array Chunk Bytes 1.87 GiB 3.69 MiB Shape (52, 10, 672, 1440) (1, 1, 672, 1440) Dask graph 520 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

• Indexes: (5)
  • depth
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0.494025,  47.3737,  92.3261,  155.851,  222.475,  318.127,  380.213,
            453.938,  541.089],
          dtype='float64', name='depth'))

  • latitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([ -78.0, -77.75,  -77.5, -77.25,  -77.0, -76.75,  -76.5, -76.25,  -76.0,
           -75.75,
           ...
             87.5,  87.75,   88.0,  88.25,   88.5,  88.75,   89.0,  89.25,   89.5,
            89.75],
          dtype='float64', name='latitude', length=672))

  • lead_day_index
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], dtype='int64', name='lead_day_index'))

  • longitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([ -180.0, -179.75,  -179.5, -179.25,  -179.0, -178.75,  -178.5, -178.25,
            -178.0, -177.75,
           ...
             177.5,  177.75,   178.0,  178.25,   178.5,  178.75,   179.0,  179.25,
             179.5,  179.75],
          dtype='float64', name='longitude', length=1440))

  • first_day_datetime
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2024-01-03', '2024-01-10', '2024-01-17', '2024-01-24',
                   '2024-01-31', '2024-02-07', '2024-02-14', '2024-02-21',
                   '2024-02-28', '2024-03-06', '2024-03-13', '2024-03-20',
                   '2024-03-27', '2024-04-03', '2024-04-10', '2024-04-17',
                   '2024-04-24', '2024-05-01', '2024-05-08', '2024-05-15',
                   '2024-05-22', '2024-05-29', '2024-06-05', '2024-06-12',
                   '2024-06-19', '2024-06-26', '2024-07-03', '2024-07-10',
                   '2024-07-17', '2024-07-24', '2024-07-31', '2024-08-07',
                   '2024-08-14', '2024-08-21', '2024-08-28', '2024-09-04',
                   '2024-09-11', '2024-09-18', '2024-09-25', '2024-10-02',
                   '2024-10-09', '2024-10-16', '2024-10-23', '2024-10-30',
                   '2024-11-06', '2024-11-13', '2024-11-20', '2024-11-27',
                   '2024-12-04', '2024-12-11', '2024-12-18', '2024-12-25'],
                  dtype='datetime64[ns]', name='first_day_datetime', freq=None))

• Attributes: (11)

  Conventions :

  CF-1.8

  area :

  Global

  challenger :

  hclimrep

  institution :

  ECMWF

  oceanbench_reference_depth_grid_rounding_decimals :

  3

  oceanbench_reference_target_depths_m :

  [0.494, 47.374, 92.326, 155.851, 222.475, 318.127, 380.213, 453.938, 541.089]

  references :

  https://huggingface.co/datasets/kacpnowak/hclimrep-ocean-oceanbench

  source :

  WeatherGenerator inference, stream GLORYS

  title :

  WeatherGenerator GLORYS forecast (OceanBench challenger)

  oceanbench_source_kind :

  challenger

  oceanbench_source_name :

  hclimrep

Evaluation configuration

region = 'global'

Evaluation of challenger dataset using OceanBench

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10	Missing fraction
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.057426	0.056196	0.055675	0.056276	0.056925	0.057967	0.058803	0.060117	0.060563	0.061342	0.0
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.569002	0.571217	0.571340	0.576734	0.583527	0.593069	0.606926	0.620265	0.630374	0.641394	0.0
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.407057	0.400539	0.396340	0.393837	0.391701	0.389633	0.389043	0.388334	0.387504	0.387389	0.0
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.113358	0.115168	0.117237	0.118861	0.120202	0.121471	0.123138	0.124604	0.125088	0.125682	0.0
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.113641	0.115940	0.118301	0.120353	0.122220	0.123887	0.125684	0.127356	0.128190	0.128798	0.0
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.802980	0.793698	0.784168	0.779813	0.776405	0.777958	0.783733	0.792231	0.795321	0.801906	0.0
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.204696	0.202773	0.201219	0.200308	0.199630	0.199168	0.199111	0.199059	0.198671	0.198718	0.0
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.106343	0.106377	0.106682	0.107118	0.107659	0.108477	0.109611	0.110747	0.111131	0.111582	0.0
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.106608	0.106448	0.106698	0.107176	0.107784	0.108622	0.109878	0.111108	0.111631	0.112277	0.0
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.949193	0.938134	0.931622	0.928313	0.923705	0.923277	0.926034	0.929942	0.929404	0.933691	0.0
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.167010	0.165578	0.164574	0.164006	0.163622	0.163175	0.163070	0.162893	0.162377	0.162120	0.0
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.102590	0.102182	0.102103	0.102152	0.102343	0.102778	0.103548	0.104352	0.104540	0.104796	0.0
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.107223	0.106611	0.106265	0.106139	0.106183	0.106396	0.107076	0.107894	0.108178	0.108533	0.0
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.770944	0.766525	0.762843	0.760346	0.758334	0.757304	0.757662	0.758729	0.756266	0.757216	0.0
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.137419	0.136359	0.135605	0.134952	0.134390	0.133726	0.133311	0.132815	0.131958	0.131393	0.0
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.097629	0.096953	0.096654	0.096387	0.096141	0.095992	0.096097	0.096146	0.095904	0.095769	0.0
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.104571	0.103498	0.102989	0.102533	0.102180	0.101921	0.101866	0.101822	0.101492	0.101292	0.0
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.642512	0.634181	0.629622	0.627615	0.626031	0.625438	0.626734	0.628545	0.626953	0.627451	0.0
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.112884	0.111975	0.111211	0.110585	0.109996	0.109275	0.108805	0.108288	0.107408	0.106892	0.0
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.093595	0.093012	0.092688	0.092307	0.091964	0.091696	0.091634	0.091475	0.091118	0.090894	0.0
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.098855	0.098148	0.097824	0.097509	0.097218	0.096962	0.096881	0.096772	0.096487	0.096314	0.0
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.494742	0.488982	0.486402	0.485731	0.484862	0.484102	0.485311	0.486770	0.486124	0.487168	0.0
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.084581	0.083942	0.083389	0.083006	0.082637	0.082137	0.081786	0.081393	0.080724	0.080357	0.0
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.082763	0.082230	0.081860	0.081404	0.080997	0.080622	0.080393	0.080088	0.079688	0.079429	0.0
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.087650	0.087015	0.086646	0.086292	0.085972	0.085662	0.085473	0.085241	0.084902	0.084702	0.0

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10	Missing fraction
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	49.100746	48.750155	48.792865	49.19239	49.47425	50.007264	50.063938	50.227957	50.010014	50.659788	0.0

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10	Missing fraction
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.112435	0.111055	0.110685	0.110497	0.110590	0.110971	0.111828	0.112745	0.112896	0.113180	0.0
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.106927	0.105496	0.105117	0.104977	0.105117	0.105475	0.106422	0.107435	0.107739	0.108248	0.0

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to observations

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_observations(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10	Observations	Missing
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.795020	0.826181	0.797638	0.821954	0.847090	0.887450	0.892431	0.905587	0.929733	0.905078	150081	0
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{0-5m}	0.811791	0.821829	0.846244	0.860205	0.877095	0.881168	0.899891	0.879959	0.891454	0.924636	80763	0
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{5-100m}	1.029365	1.024100	1.018165	1.029728	1.039471	1.037359	1.054699	1.062718	1.069645	1.084900	1334564	0
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100-300m}	0.836771	0.844944	0.841733	0.848686	0.866729	0.859943	0.885046	0.886402	0.904689	0.916151	2117343	0
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300-600m}	0.543687	0.557506	0.551848	0.560682	0.563106	0.571771	0.583967	0.581690	0.592637	0.598936	2622487	0
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{0-5m}	0.244581	0.269779	0.265380	0.280408	0.259100	0.266625	0.259177	0.250542	0.282066	0.282441	68940	0
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{5-100m}	0.198649	0.201781	0.209218	0.200176	0.204273	0.207990	0.206828	0.202453	0.208564	0.218977	1136708	0
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100-300m}	0.127237	0.127576	0.128637	0.126603	0.129219	0.126929	0.134340	0.130590	0.132815	0.137267	1803408	0
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300-600m}	0.077638	0.078597	0.077463	0.078358	0.077879	0.078784	0.080428	0.080352	0.080425	0.082343	2225476	0
Sea level anomaly (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.057582	0.059451	0.061342	0.062762	0.064598	0.066046	0.067640	0.068618	0.070416	0.071464	15390586	0
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.117072	0.120273	0.123637	0.124765	0.125117	0.125457	0.127750	0.129451	0.131255	0.133125	1202530	0
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.113762	0.115659	0.118242	0.120771	0.122564	0.124056	0.125020	0.125791	0.126605	0.128119	1202530	0

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	9.699794	18.860889	27.667288	36.15921	44.355576	52.301701	60.026707	67.552109	74.886421

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10	Missing fraction
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.039750	0.043548	0.046854	0.049342	0.052466	0.055067	0.057506	0.059759	0.061368	0.062430	0.0
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.436391	0.443258	0.454958	0.472511	0.491788	0.512509	0.535809	0.558068	0.572678	0.588396	0.0
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.381851	0.389638	0.396972	0.404859	0.412480	0.421379	0.430653	0.440032	0.447807	0.454376	0.0
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.073276	0.081319	0.088550	0.095181	0.101367	0.106992	0.113207	0.118403	0.121128	0.123571	0.0
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.075594	0.084296	0.091431	0.098057	0.104444	0.110478	0.116359	0.121996	0.125286	0.127670	0.0
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.573500	0.582406	0.594877	0.611820	0.634761	0.661928	0.688980	0.713419	0.727794	0.741879	0.0
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.147731	0.152085	0.154959	0.158193	0.162276	0.166930	0.171367	0.175527	0.178305	0.180849	0.0
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.065571	0.069213	0.073508	0.078289	0.083492	0.089026	0.094842	0.100201	0.103158	0.105798	0.0
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.068112	0.071769	0.075868	0.080528	0.085613	0.091061	0.096907	0.102346	0.105533	0.108218	0.0
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.596813	0.605242	0.619117	0.639527	0.668062	0.698714	0.731980	0.762682	0.782646	0.799366	0.0
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.111858	0.113407	0.115067	0.117239	0.120194	0.123626	0.127241	0.130754	0.132859	0.134806	0.0
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.064393	0.067021	0.070287	0.074336	0.078941	0.083949	0.089201	0.094073	0.096811	0.099113	0.0
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.066678	0.069256	0.072300	0.076161	0.080560	0.085388	0.090532	0.095404	0.098453	0.100963	0.0
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.468116	0.473908	0.485515	0.502778	0.523639	0.546712	0.573451	0.598720	0.614800	0.628450	0.0
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.081237	0.082420	0.083987	0.086275	0.089120	0.092374	0.095963	0.099336	0.101592	0.103557	0.0
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.059050	0.061216	0.063852	0.067272	0.071194	0.075486	0.080033	0.084305	0.086835	0.088953	0.0
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.059218	0.061471	0.064087	0.067392	0.071197	0.075340	0.079682	0.083836	0.086539	0.088834	0.0
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.401436	0.411791	0.423841	0.437912	0.455888	0.475912	0.498065	0.518722	0.532107	0.543393	0.0
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.069300	0.070253	0.071824	0.073946	0.076539	0.079501	0.082503	0.085299	0.087163	0.088864	0.0
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.057454	0.059307	0.061721	0.064928	0.068642	0.072678	0.076917	0.080945	0.083404	0.085487	0.0
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.057495	0.059434	0.061768	0.064754	0.068233	0.072086	0.076095	0.079961	0.082494	0.084673	0.0
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.336154	0.341318	0.348302	0.357291	0.370050	0.385649	0.402235	0.418343	0.428482	0.437581	0.0
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.055229	0.055752	0.056550	0.057763	0.059339	0.061226	0.063248	0.065227	0.066553	0.067774	0.0
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.057315	0.058661	0.060433	0.062844	0.065656	0.068792	0.072149	0.075377	0.077404	0.079154	0.0
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.056598	0.058057	0.059823	0.062116	0.064811	0.067840	0.071016	0.074153	0.076265	0.078110	0.0

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10	Missing fraction
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	46.258518	46.516727	46.845332	47.330153	47.762703	48.365294	48.538114	48.719658	48.65926	49.038707	0.0

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10	Missing fraction
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.090454	0.089345	0.090170	0.091644	0.093858	0.096678	0.100169	0.103601	0.105238	0.106573	0.0
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.085246	0.084010	0.084727	0.086127	0.088237	0.090962	0.094374	0.097741	0.099498	0.101006	0.0

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	6.274846	12.354976	18.411798	24.565098	30.859591	37.317734	43.947525	50.700615	57.475613