Open challenger datasets

import oceanbench

oceanbench.__version__

'0.6.0'

Insert here the code that opens the challenger dataset as challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Mercator Ocean International <https://www.mercator-ocean.eu/>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: EUPL-1.2

# Open GLO12 1 degree base challenger forecasts with xarray
import xarray
import oceanbench

challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset = oceanbench.datasets.challenger.glo12_1_degree()

challenger_dataset

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 26GB
Dimensions:                          (first_day_datetime: 52,
                                      lead_day_index: 10, depth: 50,
                                      latitude: 170, longitude: 360)
Coordinates:
  * depth                            (depth) float32 200B 0.494 ... 5.728e+03
  * lead_day_index                   (lead_day_index) int64 80B 0 1 2 ... 7 8 9
  * first_day_datetime               (first_day_datetime) datetime64[ns] 416B ...
  * latitude                         (latitude) float64 1kB -79.5 -78.5 ... 89.5
  * longitude                        (longitude) float64 3kB -179.5 ... 179.5
Data variables:
    sea_water_salinity               (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 6GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    sea_water_potential_temperature  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 6GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    eastward_sea_water_velocity      (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 6GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    northward_sea_water_velocity     (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 6GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    sea_surface_height_above_geoid   (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude) float32 127MB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes:
    oceanbench_source_kind:        challenger
    oceanbench_source_name:        glo12
    oceanbench_source_resolution:  one_degree

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • first_day_datetime: 52
  • lead_day_index: 10
  • depth: 50
  • latitude: 170
  • longitude: 360
• Coordinates: (5)
  • depth
    (depth)
    float32
    0.494 1.541 ... 5.275e+03 5.728e+03

    axis :

    Z

    long_name :

    Depth

    positive :

    down

    standard_name :

    depth

    unit_long :

    Meters

    units :

    m

    valid_max :

    5727.9169921875

    valid_min :

    0.49402499198913574

    array([4.940250e-01, 1.541375e+00, 2.645669e+00, 3.819495e+00, 5.078224e+00,
           6.440614e+00, 7.929560e+00, 9.572997e+00, 1.140500e+01, 1.346714e+01,
           1.581007e+01, 1.849556e+01, 2.159882e+01, 2.521141e+01, 2.944473e+01,
           3.443415e+01, 4.034405e+01, 4.737369e+01, 5.576429e+01, 6.580727e+01,
           7.785385e+01, 9.232607e+01, 1.097293e+02, 1.306660e+02, 1.558507e+02,
           1.861256e+02, 2.224752e+02, 2.660403e+02, 3.181274e+02, 3.802130e+02,
           4.539377e+02, 5.410889e+02, 6.435668e+02, 7.633331e+02, 9.023393e+02,
           1.062440e+03, 1.245291e+03, 1.452251e+03, 1.684284e+03, 1.941893e+03,
           2.225078e+03, 2.533336e+03, 2.865703e+03, 3.220820e+03, 3.597032e+03,
           3.992484e+03, 4.405224e+03, 4.833291e+03, 5.274784e+03, 5.727917e+03],
          dtype=float32)

  • lead_day_index
    (lead_day_index)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

  • first_day_datetime
    (first_day_datetime)
    datetime64[ns]
    2024-01-03 ... 2024-12-25

    array(['2024-01-03T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-01-10T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-01-17T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-01-24T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-01-31T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-02-07T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-02-14T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-02-21T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-02-28T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-03-06T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-03-13T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-03-20T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-03-27T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-04-03T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-04-10T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-04-17T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-04-24T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-05-01T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-05-08T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-05-15T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-05-22T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-05-29T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-06-05T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-06-12T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-06-19T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-06-26T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-07-03T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-07-10T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-07-17T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-07-24T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-07-31T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-08-07T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-08-14T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-08-21T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-08-28T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-09-04T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-09-11T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-09-18T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-09-25T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-10-02T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-10-09T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-10-16T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-10-23T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-10-30T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-11-06T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-11-13T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-11-20T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-11-27T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-12-04T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-12-11T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-12-18T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-12-25T00:00:00.000000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[ns]')

  • latitude
    (latitude)
    float64
    -79.5 -78.5 -77.5 ... 88.5 89.5

    axis :

    Y

    long_name :

    Latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    step :

    0.08333587646484375

    unit_long :

    Degrees North

    units :

    degrees_north

    valid_max :

    90.0

    valid_min :

    -80.0

    array([-79.5, -78.5, -77.5, -76.5, -75.5, -74.5, -73.5, -72.5, -71.5, -70.5,
           -69.5, -68.5, -67.5, -66.5, -65.5, -64.5, -63.5, -62.5, -61.5, -60.5,
           -59.5, -58.5, -57.5, -56.5, -55.5, -54.5, -53.5, -52.5, -51.5, -50.5,
           -49.5, -48.5, -47.5, -46.5, -45.5, -44.5, -43.5, -42.5, -41.5, -40.5,
           -39.5, -38.5, -37.5, -36.5, -35.5, -34.5, -33.5, -32.5, -31.5, -30.5,
           -29.5, -28.5, -27.5, -26.5, -25.5, -24.5, -23.5, -22.5, -21.5, -20.5,
           -19.5, -18.5, -17.5, -16.5, -15.5, -14.5, -13.5, -12.5, -11.5, -10.5,
            -9.5,  -8.5,  -7.5,  -6.5,  -5.5,  -4.5,  -3.5,  -2.5,  -1.5,  -0.5,
             0.5,   1.5,   2.5,   3.5,   4.5,   5.5,   6.5,   7.5,   8.5,   9.5,
            10.5,  11.5,  12.5,  13.5,  14.5,  15.5,  16.5,  17.5,  18.5,  19.5,
            20.5,  21.5,  22.5,  23.5,  24.5,  25.5,  26.5,  27.5,  28.5,  29.5,
            30.5,  31.5,  32.5,  33.5,  34.5,  35.5,  36.5,  37.5,  38.5,  39.5,
            40.5,  41.5,  42.5,  43.5,  44.5,  45.5,  46.5,  47.5,  48.5,  49.5,
            50.5,  51.5,  52.5,  53.5,  54.5,  55.5,  56.5,  57.5,  58.5,  59.5,
            60.5,  61.5,  62.5,  63.5,  64.5,  65.5,  66.5,  67.5,  68.5,  69.5,
            70.5,  71.5,  72.5,  73.5,  74.5,  75.5,  76.5,  77.5,  78.5,  79.5,
            80.5,  81.5,  82.5,  83.5,  84.5,  85.5,  86.5,  87.5,  88.5,  89.5])

  • longitude
    (longitude)
    float64
    -179.5 -178.5 ... 178.5 179.5

    axis :

    X

    long_name :

    Longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    step :

    0.0833282470703125

    unit_long :

    Degrees East

    units :

    degrees_east

    valid_max :

    179.91668701171875

    valid_min :

    -180.0

    array([-179.5, -178.5, -177.5, ...,  177.5,  178.5,  179.5], shape=(360,))

• Data variables: (5)
  • sea_water_salinity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Salinity

    standard_name :

    sea_water_salinity

    unit_long :

    Practical Salinity Unit

    units :

    1e-3

    valid_max :

    50.0

    valid_min :

    0.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 5.93 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 26000 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • sea_water_potential_temperature
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Temperature

    standard_name :

    sea_water_potential_temperature

    unit_long :

    Degrees Celsius

    units :

    degrees_C

    valid_max :

    40.0

    valid_min :

    -10.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 5.93 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 26000 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • eastward_sea_water_velocity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Eastward velocity

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    unit_long :

    Meters per second

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 5.93 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 26000 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • northward_sea_water_velocity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Northward velocity

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    unit_long :

    Meters per second

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 5.93 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 26000 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • sea_surface_height_above_geoid
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Sea surface height

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    unit_long :

    Meters

    units :

    m

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 121.40 MiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 170, 360) (1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 520 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

• Indexes: (5)
  • depth
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0.49402499198913574,  1.5413750410079956,  2.6456689834594727,
            3.8194949626922607,   5.078224182128906,   6.440614223480225,
              7.92956018447876,   9.572997093200684,  11.404999732971191,
            13.467140197753906,  15.810070037841797,  18.495559692382812,
            21.598819732666016,  25.211410522460938,  29.444730758666992,
             34.43415069580078,  40.344051361083984,   47.37369155883789,
             55.76428985595703,   65.80726623535156,   77.85385131835938,
              92.3260726928711,  109.72930145263672,  130.66600036621094,
            155.85069274902344,  186.12559509277344,  222.47520446777344,
             266.0403137207031,   318.1274108886719,   380.2130126953125,
             453.9377136230469,   541.0889282226562,   643.5667724609375,
             763.3331298828125,   902.3392944335938,    1062.43994140625,
                1245.291015625,     1452.2509765625,  1684.2840576171875,
            1941.8929443359375,   2225.077880859375,        2533.3359375,
             2865.702880859375,   3220.820068359375,   3597.031982421875,
              3992.48388671875,    4405.22412109375,      4833.291015625,
               5274.7841796875,     5727.9169921875],
          dtype='float32', name='depth'))

  • lead_day_index
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], dtype='int64', name='lead_day_index'))

  • first_day_datetime
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2024-01-03', '2024-01-10', '2024-01-17', '2024-01-24',
                   '2024-01-31', '2024-02-07', '2024-02-14', '2024-02-21',
                   '2024-02-28', '2024-03-06', '2024-03-13', '2024-03-20',
                   '2024-03-27', '2024-04-03', '2024-04-10', '2024-04-17',
                   '2024-04-24', '2024-05-01', '2024-05-08', '2024-05-15',
                   '2024-05-22', '2024-05-29', '2024-06-05', '2024-06-12',
                   '2024-06-19', '2024-06-26', '2024-07-03', '2024-07-10',
                   '2024-07-17', '2024-07-24', '2024-07-31', '2024-08-07',
                   '2024-08-14', '2024-08-21', '2024-08-28', '2024-09-04',
                   '2024-09-11', '2024-09-18', '2024-09-25', '2024-10-02',
                   '2024-10-09', '2024-10-16', '2024-10-23', '2024-10-30',
                   '2024-11-06', '2024-11-13', '2024-11-20', '2024-11-27',
                   '2024-12-04', '2024-12-11', '2024-12-18', '2024-12-25'],
                  dtype='datetime64[ns]', name='first_day_datetime', freq=None))

  • latitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([-79.5, -78.5, -77.5, -76.5, -75.5, -74.5, -73.5, -72.5, -71.5, -70.5,
           ...
            80.5,  81.5,  82.5,  83.5,  84.5,  85.5,  86.5,  87.5,  88.5,  89.5],
          dtype='float64', name='latitude', length=170))

  • longitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([-179.5, -178.5, -177.5, -176.5, -175.5, -174.5, -173.5, -172.5, -171.5,
           -170.5,
           ...
            170.5,  171.5,  172.5,  173.5,  174.5,  175.5,  176.5,  177.5,  178.5,
            179.5],
          dtype='float64', name='longitude', length=360))

• Attributes: (3)

  oceanbench_source_kind :

  challenger

  oceanbench_source_name :

  glo12

  oceanbench_source_resolution :

  one_degree

Evaluation configuration

region = 'global'

Evaluation of challenger dataset using OceanBench

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10	Missing fraction
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.067776	0.068771	0.069894	0.071206	0.072746	0.074413	0.076511	0.078649	0.080597	0.082489	0.000747
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.551592	0.556142	0.561867	0.570134	0.580654	0.592351	0.607770	0.624054	0.639669	0.655343	0.000747
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.598262	0.598003	0.597922	0.598827	0.599541	0.600215	0.601731	0.603784	0.604644	0.606666	0.000747
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.131527	0.134307	0.137377	0.140794	0.144531	0.148652	0.153198	0.157721	0.161610	0.165121	0.000747
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.133342	0.136320	0.139646	0.143276	0.147251	0.151605	0.156338	0.161061	0.165007	0.168584	0.000747
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.923972	0.927937	0.932466	0.937113	0.944919	0.953144	0.963797	0.975206	0.984279	0.991991	0.000872
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.252244	0.252549	0.252838	0.253159	0.253688	0.254353	0.255249	0.256466	0.257327	0.258153	0.000872
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.125340	0.127453	0.129949	0.132632	0.135510	0.138678	0.142006	0.145362	0.147981	0.150469	0.000872
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.127985	0.130188	0.132540	0.135090	0.137662	0.140474	0.143789	0.147011	0.149492	0.152006	0.000872
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	1.103756	1.106807	1.110107	1.114900	1.121689	1.130066	1.140381	1.151788	1.159757	1.167315	0.000803
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.199483	0.199542	0.199608	0.200000	0.200375	0.200935	0.201763	0.202651	0.203211	0.203654	0.000803
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.122973	0.124753	0.126745	0.128856	0.131156	0.133709	0.136489	0.139143	0.141236	0.143283	0.000803
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.128304	0.130063	0.131957	0.133996	0.136027	0.138210	0.140544	0.143117	0.145139	0.147134	0.000803
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.915986	0.919452	0.923373	0.928469	0.933747	0.940079	0.948257	0.956920	0.963252	0.969042	0.000760
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.163284	0.163409	0.163543	0.163873	0.164261	0.164823	0.165576	0.166387	0.166926	0.167401	0.000760
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.120044	0.121191	0.122424	0.123777	0.125303	0.126889	0.128591	0.130224	0.131656	0.132972	0.000760
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.126397	0.127549	0.128722	0.129891	0.131103	0.132515	0.134114	0.135764	0.137089	0.138379	0.000760
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.774761	0.778363	0.782179	0.787274	0.793231	0.799843	0.807972	0.816739	0.823027	0.828805	0.000694
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.136098	0.136332	0.136578	0.136955	0.137477	0.138037	0.138828	0.139713	0.140341	0.140912	0.000694
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.117132	0.118023	0.119006	0.120094	0.121331	0.122645	0.124075	0.125501	0.126637	0.127724	0.000694
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.122019	0.122867	0.123800	0.124738	0.125747	0.126922	0.128255	0.129635	0.130709	0.131839	0.000694
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.597036	0.599727	0.602770	0.606729	0.611570	0.617303	0.624431	0.631884	0.636802	0.641751	0.000489
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.103153	0.103274	0.103467	0.103808	0.104194	0.104656	0.105321	0.106012	0.106398	0.106868	0.000489
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.107391	0.108014	0.108661	0.109371	0.110179	0.111036	0.112023	0.112990	0.113831	0.114639	0.000489
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.111688	0.112265	0.112851	0.113440	0.114113	0.114940	0.115850	0.116809	0.117561	0.118364	0.000489

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10	Missing fraction
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	31.855063	31.787011	31.929273	32.238789	32.680239	33.037229	33.50628	34.217461	34.80754	35.717081	0.000747

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10	Missing fraction
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.049655	0.051657	0.053871	0.056216	0.058754	0.061436	0.064240	0.067082	0.069392	0.071554	0.00124
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.041713	0.043436	0.045388	0.047403	0.049631	0.051955	0.054346	0.056796	0.058820	0.060771	0.00112

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to observations

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_observations(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10	Observations	Missing
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.757323	0.787335	0.749087	0.775656	0.790105	0.831185	0.837470	0.852372	0.877614	0.840161	150081	2136
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{0-5m}	0.779522	0.777053	0.786767	0.822894	0.820487	0.836133	0.863364	0.854492	0.849536	0.878970	80763	1863
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{5-100m}	0.905756	0.889353	0.876115	0.929573	0.911334	0.917397	0.937851	0.980499	0.966719	0.969447	1334564	49146
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100-300m}	0.824510	0.832662	0.826534	0.841811	0.860450	0.847991	0.886087	0.888092	0.905346	0.912065	2117343	97132
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300-600m}	0.559699	0.573237	0.571720	0.579414	0.598606	0.601223	0.611815	0.620762	0.630838	0.638400	2622487	115428
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{0-5m}	0.254473	0.280525	0.284980	0.311764	0.284700	0.282237	0.278091	0.270670	0.295220	0.304154	68940	1620
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{5-100m}	0.195329	0.197498	0.198676	0.206663	0.207714	0.203532	0.211052	0.207465	0.210252	0.216845	1136708	45099
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100-300m}	0.128918	0.130851	0.131290	0.131634	0.134860	0.132273	0.141050	0.137291	0.139530	0.143162	1803408	90308
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300-600m}	0.081042	0.082874	0.083304	0.084313	0.086432	0.085383	0.087974	0.088848	0.091068	0.091534	2225476	105009
Sea level anomaly (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.052373	0.054243	0.055610	0.057638	0.059412	0.061280	0.063192	0.064784	0.067294	0.068686	15390586	473474
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.132897	0.134310	0.138141	0.139067	0.140003	0.140610	0.143972	0.147748	0.149702	0.151662	1202530	11144
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.123415	0.124695	0.127277	0.129956	0.132800	0.134884	0.138072	0.140556	0.142442	0.145047	1202530	11144

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	10.655315	19.50145	27.410715	34.843903	42.036739	49.119473	56.155979	63.168945	70.189117

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10	Missing fraction
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.009789	0.011713	0.015064	0.019319	0.024347	0.029653	0.035511	0.040845	0.044700	0.048342	0.0
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.112337	0.137031	0.172957	0.215726	0.262488	0.310692	0.361355	0.408023	0.443765	0.479062	0.0
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.059273	0.070839	0.086398	0.104935	0.125641	0.145915	0.166680	0.187162	0.201531	0.217780	0.0
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.030146	0.037512	0.047851	0.059358	0.072066	0.084907	0.097816	0.109516	0.118327	0.126008	0.0
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.028829	0.036999	0.048439	0.060543	0.073384	0.086833	0.099886	0.111745	0.120732	0.128804	0.0
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.183398	0.206928	0.245593	0.296083	0.353448	0.413819	0.475326	0.531602	0.568328	0.602119	0.0
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.038461	0.043876	0.051940	0.061873	0.073229	0.085268	0.097065	0.108352	0.116395	0.123703	0.0
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.028108	0.033339	0.040880	0.050158	0.060923	0.072279	0.083601	0.094019	0.101394	0.108036	0.0
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.026977	0.032638	0.040478	0.049961	0.060598	0.071920	0.083282	0.093593	0.101013	0.107742	0.0
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.200203	0.225069	0.265418	0.318470	0.379079	0.442701	0.508399	0.568067	0.606984	0.642445	0.0
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.032221	0.036874	0.043497	0.051836	0.061318	0.071403	0.081727	0.091331	0.098074	0.103997	0.0
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.025942	0.030512	0.037071	0.045443	0.055155	0.065453	0.075843	0.085405	0.092127	0.098299	0.0
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.025254	0.030095	0.036814	0.045224	0.054728	0.064945	0.075272	0.084706	0.091463	0.097719	0.0
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.142983	0.165600	0.198894	0.241114	0.289710	0.342175	0.396487	0.445903	0.478644	0.509243	0.0
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.024340	0.028209	0.033533	0.040035	0.047534	0.055637	0.064072	0.071821	0.077455	0.082596	0.0
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.020850	0.024577	0.029912	0.036717	0.044695	0.053173	0.061763	0.069855	0.075633	0.080866	0.0
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.019285	0.023292	0.028768	0.035516	0.043286	0.051642	0.060156	0.067988	0.073668	0.079069	0.0
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.117938	0.138156	0.167896	0.204997	0.247784	0.294415	0.342424	0.386547	0.415999	0.443211	0.0
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.019765	0.023124	0.027713	0.033380	0.039906	0.046942	0.054148	0.060910	0.065836	0.070320	0.0
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.019249	0.022606	0.027424	0.033637	0.040920	0.048673	0.056543	0.064035	0.069433	0.074373	0.0
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.017555	0.021157	0.026095	0.032196	0.039212	0.046830	0.054608	0.061900	0.067190	0.072279	0.0
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.088326	0.104040	0.127132	0.156405	0.190106	0.226412	0.264017	0.298897	0.323275	0.345486	0.0
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.014013	0.016494	0.019942	0.024186	0.029051	0.034246	0.039620	0.044649	0.048517	0.052004	0.0
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.016072	0.018819	0.022790	0.027847	0.033757	0.040198	0.046809	0.053068	0.057678	0.061960	0.0
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.014496	0.017409	0.021393	0.026355	0.032065	0.038309	0.044769	0.050964	0.055589	0.059922	0.0

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10	Missing fraction
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	7.665183	10.102786	12.393223	14.567148	16.77022	18.776537	20.773411	22.674604	24.26493	26.05747	0.0

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10	Missing fraction
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.011648	0.013786	0.017415	0.022003	0.027173	0.032749	0.038537	0.043755	0.047043	0.050239	0.0
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.009202	0.011081	0.014313	0.018359	0.022820	0.027581	0.032474	0.036877	0.039718	0.042478	0.0

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	2.140733	4.456758	7.107413	10.18671	13.773438	17.892132	22.511972	27.528795	32.855602