Open challenger datasets

import oceanbench

oceanbench.__version__

'0.5.0'

Insert here the code that opens the challenger dataset as challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Mercator Ocean International <https://www.mercator-ocean.eu/>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: EUPL-1.2

# Open WenHai forecasts with xarray
import xarray
import oceanbench

challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset = oceanbench.datasets.challenger.wenhai()

challenger_dataset

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 2TB
Dimensions:             (first_day_datetime: 52, lead_day_index: 10, depth: 23,
                         latitude: 2041, longitude: 4320)
Coordinates:
  * depth               (depth) float32 92B 0.494 2.646 5.078 ... 541.1 643.6
  * latitude            (latitude) float32 8kB -80.0 -79.92 ... 89.92 90.0
  * lead_day_index      (lead_day_index) int64 80B 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  * longitude           (longitude) float32 17kB -180.0 -179.9 ... 179.8 179.9
  * first_day_datetime  (first_day_datetime) datetime64[ns] 416B 2024-01-03 ....
Data variables:
    so                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 422GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 256, 512), meta=np.ndarray>
    thetao              (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 422GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 256, 512), meta=np.ndarray>
    uo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 422GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 256, 512), meta=np.ndarray>
    vo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 422GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 256, 512), meta=np.ndarray>
    zos                 (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude) float32 18GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 256, 512), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes:
    Conventions:              CF-1.8
    challenger:               wenhai
    forecast_reference_time:  2024-01-02
    oceanbench_source_kind:   challenger
    oceanbench_source_name:   wenhai

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • first_day_datetime: 52
  • lead_day_index: 10
  • depth: 23
  • latitude: 2041
  • longitude: 4320
• Coordinates: (5)
  • depth
    (depth)
    float32
    0.494 2.646 5.078 ... 541.1 643.6

    axis :

    Z

    long_name :

    Depth

    positive :

    down

    standard_name :

    depth

    units :

    m

    array([4.940250e-01, 2.645669e+00, 5.078224e+00, 7.929560e+00, 1.140500e+01,
           1.581007e+01, 2.159882e+01, 2.944473e+01, 4.034405e+01, 5.576429e+01,
           7.785385e+01, 9.232607e+01, 1.097293e+02, 1.306660e+02, 1.558507e+02,
           1.861256e+02, 2.224752e+02, 2.660403e+02, 3.181274e+02, 3.802130e+02,
           4.539377e+02, 5.410889e+02, 6.435668e+02], dtype=float32)

  • latitude
    (latitude)
    float32
    -80.0 -79.92 -79.83 ... 89.92 90.0

    axis :

    Y

    long_name :

    Latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    units :

    degrees_north

    array([-80.      , -79.916664, -79.833336, ...,  89.83334 ,  89.91667 ,
            90.      ], shape=(2041,), dtype=float32)

  • lead_day_index
    (lead_day_index)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

  • longitude
    (longitude)
    float32
    -180.0 -179.9 ... 179.8 179.9

    axis :

    X

    long_name :

    Longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    units :

    degrees_east

    array([-180.     , -179.91667, -179.83333, ...,  179.75   ,  179.83334,
            179.91669], shape=(4320,), dtype=float32)

  • first_day_datetime
    (first_day_datetime)
    datetime64[ns]
    2024-01-03 ... 2024-12-25

    array(['2024-01-03T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-01-10T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-01-17T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-01-24T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-01-31T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-02-07T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-02-14T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-02-21T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-02-28T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-03-06T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-03-13T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-03-20T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-03-27T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-04-03T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-04-10T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-04-17T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-04-24T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-05-01T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-05-08T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-05-15T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-05-22T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-05-29T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-06-05T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-06-12T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-06-19T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-06-26T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-07-03T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-07-10T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-07-17T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-07-24T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-07-31T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-08-07T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-08-14T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-08-21T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-08-28T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-09-04T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-09-11T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-09-18T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-09-25T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-10-02T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-10-09T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-10-16T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-10-23T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-10-30T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-11-06T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-11-13T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-11-20T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-11-27T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-12-04T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-12-11T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-12-18T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-12-25T00:00:00.000000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[ns]')

• Data variables: (5)
  • so
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 256, 512), meta=np.ndarray>

    long_name :

    Salinity

    longitudeg_name :

    Salinity

    standard_name :

    sea_water_salinity

    units :

    1e-3

    Array Chunk Bytes 392.84 GiB 512.00 kiB Shape (52, 10, 23, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 256, 512) Dask graph 861120 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • thetao
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 256, 512), meta=np.ndarray>

    long_name :

    Temperature

    longitudeg_name :

    Temperature

    standard_name :

    sea_water_potential_temperature

    units :

    degrees_C

    Array Chunk Bytes 392.84 GiB 512.00 kiB Shape (52, 10, 23, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 256, 512) Dask graph 861120 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • uo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 256, 512), meta=np.ndarray>

    long_name :

    Eastward velocity

    longitudeg_name :

    Eastward velocity

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    Array Chunk Bytes 392.84 GiB 512.00 kiB Shape (52, 10, 23, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 256, 512) Dask graph 861120 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • vo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 256, 512), meta=np.ndarray>

    long_name :

    Northward velocity

    longitudeg_name :

    Northward velocity

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    Array Chunk Bytes 392.84 GiB 512.00 kiB Shape (52, 10, 23, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 256, 512) Dask graph 861120 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • zos
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 256, 512), meta=np.ndarray>

    long_name :

    Sea surface height

    longitudeg_name :

    Sea surface height

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    units :

    m

    Array Chunk Bytes 17.08 GiB 512.00 kiB Shape (52, 10, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 256, 512) Dask graph 37440 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

• Indexes: (5)
  • depth
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0.49402499198913574,  2.6456689834594727,   5.078224182128906,
              7.92956018447876,  11.404999732971191,  15.810070037841797,
            21.598819732666016,  29.444730758666992,  40.344051361083984,
             55.76428985595703,   77.85385131835938,    92.3260726928711,
            109.72930145263672,  130.66600036621094,  155.85069274902344,
            186.12559509277344,  222.47520446777344,   266.0403137207031,
             318.1274108886719,   380.2130126953125,   453.9377136230469,
             541.0889282226562,   643.5667724609375],
          dtype='float32', name='depth'))

  • latitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([             -80.0, -79.91666412353516, -79.83333587646484,
                       -79.75, -79.66666412353516, -79.58333587646484,
                        -79.5, -79.41666412353516, -79.33333587646484,
                       -79.25,
           ...
                        89.25,  89.33334350585938,  89.41667175292969,
                         89.5,  89.58334350585938,  89.66667175292969,
                        89.75,  89.83334350585938,  89.91667175292969,
                         90.0],
          dtype='float32', name='latitude', length=2041))

  • lead_day_index
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], dtype='int64', name='lead_day_index'))

  • longitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([            -180.0, -179.9166717529297, -179.8333282470703,
                      -179.75, -179.6666717529297, -179.5833282470703,
                       -179.5, -179.4166717529297, -179.3333282470703,
                      -179.25,
           ...
           179.16668701171875,             179.25, 179.33334350585938,
           179.41668701171875,              179.5, 179.58334350585938,
           179.66668701171875,             179.75, 179.83334350585938,
           179.91668701171875],
          dtype='float32', name='longitude', length=4320))

  • first_day_datetime
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2024-01-03', '2024-01-10', '2024-01-17', '2024-01-24',
                   '2024-01-31', '2024-02-07', '2024-02-14', '2024-02-21',
                   '2024-02-28', '2024-03-06', '2024-03-13', '2024-03-20',
                   '2024-03-27', '2024-04-03', '2024-04-10', '2024-04-17',
                   '2024-04-24', '2024-05-01', '2024-05-08', '2024-05-15',
                   '2024-05-22', '2024-05-29', '2024-06-05', '2024-06-12',
                   '2024-06-19', '2024-06-26', '2024-07-03', '2024-07-10',
                   '2024-07-17', '2024-07-24', '2024-07-31', '2024-08-07',
                   '2024-08-14', '2024-08-21', '2024-08-28', '2024-09-04',
                   '2024-09-11', '2024-09-18', '2024-09-25', '2024-10-02',
                   '2024-10-09', '2024-10-16', '2024-10-23', '2024-10-30',
                   '2024-11-06', '2024-11-13', '2024-11-20', '2024-11-27',
                   '2024-12-04', '2024-12-11', '2024-12-18', '2024-12-25'],
                  dtype='datetime64[ns]', name='first_day_datetime', freq=None))

• Attributes: (5)

  Conventions :

  CF-1.8

  challenger :

  wenhai

  forecast_reference_time :

  2024-01-02

  oceanbench_source_kind :

  challenger

  oceanbench_source_name :

  wenhai

Evaluation configuration

region = 'global'

Evaluation of challenger dataset using OceanBench

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.067297	0.067837	0.068314	0.069029	0.070000	0.071123	0.072434	0.073915	0.075055	0.076418
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.545854	0.546927	0.548404	0.551799	0.557526	0.566099	0.577857	0.590285	0.600827	0.613008
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.593349	0.589240	0.586293	0.584355	0.583036	0.582969	0.583381	0.583650	0.583644	0.584749
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.128839	0.128865	0.129647	0.131051	0.132610	0.134668	0.137225	0.140117	0.142393	0.144566
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.131537	0.132004	0.133251	0.135019	0.137156	0.139917	0.143153	0.146613	0.149264	0.151939
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.854006	0.848584	0.845682	0.844202	0.845939	0.849413	0.854470	0.861086	0.865588	0.870361
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.271327	0.270413	0.269878	0.269648	0.269760	0.270091	0.270608	0.271272	0.271750	0.272269
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.122460	0.122349	0.122821	0.123826	0.125012	0.126474	0.128424	0.130493	0.131943	0.133284
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.124929	0.124854	0.125530	0.126563	0.127854	0.129562	0.131868	0.134378	0.136035	0.137777
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	1.092397	1.089893	1.089625	1.091495	1.095738	1.101803	1.110112	1.118628	1.124157	1.131055
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.199306	0.198444	0.197872	0.197573	0.197539	0.197750	0.198189	0.198706	0.198967	0.199271
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.119896	0.119490	0.119524	0.119914	0.120601	0.121663	0.123064	0.124544	0.125428	0.126244
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.125504	0.125225	0.125285	0.125843	0.126767	0.127900	0.129430	0.131206	0.132427	0.133578
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.908078	0.905707	0.904278	0.904040	0.904992	0.907527	0.911553	0.915944	0.917967	0.920215
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.162858	0.162201	0.161756	0.161521	0.161489	0.161637	0.161960	0.162318	0.162455	0.162643
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.117594	0.116927	0.116551	0.116415	0.116480	0.116762	0.117343	0.118014	0.118310	0.118621
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.124445	0.123934	0.123593	0.123506	0.123625	0.123952	0.124516	0.125257	0.125723	0.126170
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.768281	0.765999	0.764909	0.765044	0.766366	0.768894	0.772527	0.776583	0.778544	0.780673
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.136232	0.135730	0.135445	0.135347	0.135420	0.135652	0.136027	0.136449	0.136663	0.136915
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.114778	0.114045	0.113558	0.113290	0.113240	0.113405	0.113799	0.114247	0.114403	0.114575
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.120176	0.119645	0.119246	0.119068	0.119029	0.119184	0.119555	0.120049	0.120347	0.120625
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.591523	0.590010	0.589155	0.589114	0.589950	0.591681	0.594298	0.597273	0.598862	0.600615
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.103592	0.103274	0.103099	0.103073	0.103165	0.103358	0.103657	0.103982	0.104183	0.104410
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.105367	0.104560	0.103949	0.103502	0.103227	0.103106	0.103152	0.103289	0.103261	0.103255
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.109990	0.109304	0.108783	0.108451	0.108279	0.108257	0.108366	0.108547	0.108608	0.108695

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	36.104874	38.960838	41.741394	44.104244	46.117577	47.907715	49.626324	51.128803	52.262001	53.410019

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.172445	0.188971	0.206025	0.222587	0.239047	0.255467	0.271927	0.288129	0.303956	0.320181
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.188034	0.205059	0.221944	0.238358	0.254828	0.271147	0.286952	0.303675	0.319288	0.335755

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to observations

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_observations(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.782218	0.810915	0.780296	0.799579	0.831072	0.868548	0.869342	0.884424	0.911173	0.880144
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{0-5m}	0.761381	0.766470	0.781756	0.811593	0.815374	0.827884	0.845017	0.830041	0.835523	0.859913
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{5-100m}	0.894701	0.903395	0.889063	0.923066	0.931479	0.922626	0.934515	0.961576	0.971518	0.989484
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100-300m}	0.813176	0.835242	0.823761	0.828264	0.854145	0.852524	0.871737	0.879100	0.910287	0.921135
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300-600m}	0.544232	0.561828	0.556415	0.553566	0.574532	0.586765	0.592049	0.597503	0.606385	0.620506
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{0-5m}	0.273980	0.289438	0.289794	0.309534	0.289853	0.299790	0.279884	0.289091	0.300805	0.300766
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{5-100m}	0.241478	0.243772	0.249365	0.249896	0.254680	0.252316	0.249873	0.254992	0.255192	0.269197
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100-300m}	0.136732	0.138417	0.138963	0.138072	0.142107	0.139886	0.145367	0.142582	0.145695	0.151955
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300-600m}	0.089000	0.089402	0.088313	0.088333	0.089914	0.091454	0.092517	0.094131	0.094236	0.098453
Sea level anomaly (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.049380	0.050758	0.052328	0.054549	0.056459	0.058856	0.061291	0.063332	0.065945	0.067867
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.213830	0.213249	0.216738	0.217775	0.216167	0.217729	0.221439	0.224022	0.224115	0.227223
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.195781	0.196282	0.198022	0.200680	0.201785	0.203999	0.205107	0.206926	0.207714	0.209040

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	11.638966	22.666891	33.109646	43.077717	52.63726	61.872234	70.864983	79.644218

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.017923	0.023243	0.027212	0.031358	0.035732	0.039969	0.044428	0.048696	0.051576	0.054520
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.164503	0.210638	0.248440	0.284947	0.322117	0.359770	0.399969	0.437848	0.466079	0.493792
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.135384	0.167499	0.194500	0.219945	0.242716	0.264397	0.284891	0.303327	0.318956	0.333575
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.051609	0.061745	0.070225	0.078925	0.087794	0.096900	0.106147	0.114830	0.120898	0.126409
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.050892	0.062440	0.071745	0.080832	0.090096	0.099752	0.109433	0.118808	0.125689	0.131785
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.227965	0.291454	0.341723	0.387983	0.433959	0.479994	0.525453	0.567236	0.594570	0.620611
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.056368	0.072461	0.084634	0.095448	0.105777	0.115839	0.125585	0.134577	0.141124	0.147130
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.041947	0.051216	0.059126	0.067186	0.075487	0.083882	0.092672	0.100738	0.106264	0.111284
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.041634	0.052292	0.061017	0.069376	0.077849	0.086796	0.096188	0.104989	0.111177	0.116565
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.249095	0.312792	0.365273	0.417116	0.469693	0.523502	0.577336	0.626396	0.658735	0.689904
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.044027	0.057358	0.067489	0.076328	0.084653	0.092772	0.100760	0.108093	0.113233	0.117939
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.035566	0.044421	0.051699	0.059127	0.066988	0.075149	0.083402	0.090872	0.095884	0.100390
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.035020	0.044698	0.052463	0.060252	0.068357	0.076641	0.085067	0.092907	0.098415	0.103154
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.184318	0.241172	0.286170	0.328169	0.369928	0.412205	0.455188	0.494651	0.520963	0.545040
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.035179	0.046998	0.056181	0.063961	0.071067	0.077835	0.084421	0.090423	0.094790	0.098805
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.028566	0.036786	0.043456	0.049962	0.056731	0.063689	0.070773	0.077302	0.081799	0.085826
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.027159	0.035664	0.042427	0.049004	0.055743	0.062659	0.069620	0.076117	0.080832	0.085003
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.155233	0.208178	0.250229	0.288351	0.325528	0.362930	0.400666	0.435302	0.458536	0.479666
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.030146	0.040656	0.048918	0.055878	0.062192	0.068167	0.073934	0.079192	0.083090	0.086661
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.026572	0.034627	0.041137	0.047352	0.053718	0.060220	0.066807	0.072935	0.077219	0.081091
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.024935	0.033169	0.039748	0.045962	0.052253	0.058713	0.065219	0.071307	0.075789	0.079787
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.121883	0.169770	0.206947	0.239138	0.269188	0.298644	0.327987	0.354982	0.373406	0.390153
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.024309	0.032917	0.039728	0.045351	0.050295	0.054868	0.059204	0.063140	0.066124	0.068840
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.023863	0.032069	0.038479	0.044245	0.049841	0.055392	0.060939	0.066102	0.069857	0.073271
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.022207	0.030536	0.036982	0.042736	0.048299	0.053832	0.059328	0.064484	0.068351	0.071863

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	22.174007	27.812939	32.106972	35.510811	38.287445	40.680992	42.85836	44.643784	46.067062	47.400204

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.111456	0.144505	0.171043	0.194844	0.216716	0.237703	0.257950	0.277196	0.295356	0.313219
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.122835	0.157542	0.185406	0.210125	0.232735	0.253877	0.274053	0.293477	0.311129	0.329270

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	4.404886	9.01799	13.90914	19.28017	25.211344	31.702965	38.724369	46.154869