Open challenger datasets

import oceanbench

oceanbench.__version__

'0.5.0'

Insert here the code that opens the challenger dataset as challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Mercator Ocean International <https://www.mercator-ocean.eu/>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: EUPL-1.2

import xarray
import oceanbench

challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset = oceanbench.datasets.challenger.glo12()

challenger_dataset

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 4TB
Dimensions:             (first_day_datetime: 52, lead_day_index: 10, depth: 50,
                         latitude: 2041, longitude: 4320)
Coordinates:
  * depth               (depth) float32 200B 0.494 1.541 ... 5.275e+03 5.728e+03
  * latitude            (latitude) float32 8kB -80.0 -79.92 ... 89.92 90.0
  * lead_day_index      (lead_day_index) int64 80B 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  * longitude           (longitude) float32 17kB -180.0 -179.9 ... 179.8 179.9
  * first_day_datetime  (first_day_datetime) datetime64[ns] 416B 2024-01-03 ....
Data variables:
    so                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 917GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>
    thetao              (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 917GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>
    uo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 917GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>
    vo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 917GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>
    zos                 (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude) float32 18GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes:
    oceanbench_source_kind:  challenger
    oceanbench_source_name:  glo12

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • first_day_datetime: 52
  • lead_day_index: 10
  • depth: 50
  • latitude: 2041
  • longitude: 4320
• Coordinates: (5)
  • depth
    (depth)
    float32
    0.494 1.541 ... 5.275e+03 5.728e+03

    axis :

    Z

    long_name :

    Depth

    positive :

    down

    standard_name :

    depth

    unit_long :

    Meters

    units :

    m

    valid_max :

    5727.9169921875

    valid_min :

    0.49402499198913574

    array([4.940250e-01, 1.541375e+00, 2.645669e+00, 3.819495e+00, 5.078224e+00,
           6.440614e+00, 7.929560e+00, 9.572997e+00, 1.140500e+01, 1.346714e+01,
           1.581007e+01, 1.849556e+01, 2.159882e+01, 2.521141e+01, 2.944473e+01,
           3.443415e+01, 4.034405e+01, 4.737369e+01, 5.576429e+01, 6.580727e+01,
           7.785385e+01, 9.232607e+01, 1.097293e+02, 1.306660e+02, 1.558507e+02,
           1.861256e+02, 2.224752e+02, 2.660403e+02, 3.181274e+02, 3.802130e+02,
           4.539377e+02, 5.410889e+02, 6.435668e+02, 7.633331e+02, 9.023393e+02,
           1.062440e+03, 1.245291e+03, 1.452251e+03, 1.684284e+03, 1.941893e+03,
           2.225078e+03, 2.533336e+03, 2.865703e+03, 3.220820e+03, 3.597032e+03,
           3.992484e+03, 4.405224e+03, 4.833291e+03, 5.274784e+03, 5.727917e+03],
          dtype=float32)

  • latitude
    (latitude)
    float32
    -80.0 -79.92 -79.83 ... 89.92 90.0

    axis :

    Y

    long_name :

    Latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    step :

    0.08333587646484375

    unit_long :

    Degrees North

    units :

    degrees_north

    valid_max :

    90.0

    valid_min :

    -80.0

    array([-80.      , -79.916664, -79.833336, ...,  89.83334 ,  89.91667 ,
            90.      ], shape=(2041,), dtype=float32)

  • lead_day_index
    (lead_day_index)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

  • longitude
    (longitude)
    float32
    -180.0 -179.9 ... 179.8 179.9

    axis :

    X

    long_name :

    Longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    step :

    0.0833282470703125

    unit_long :

    Degrees East

    units :

    degrees_east

    valid_max :

    179.91668701171875

    valid_min :

    -180.0

    array([-180.     , -179.91667, -179.83333, ...,  179.75   ,  179.83334,
            179.91669], shape=(4320,), dtype=float32)

  • first_day_datetime
    (first_day_datetime)
    datetime64[ns]
    2024-01-03 ... 2024-12-25

    array(['2024-01-03T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-01-10T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-01-17T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-01-24T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-01-31T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-02-07T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-02-14T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-02-21T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-02-28T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-03-06T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-03-13T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-03-20T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-03-27T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-04-03T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-04-10T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-04-17T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-04-24T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-05-01T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-05-08T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-05-15T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-05-22T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-05-29T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-06-05T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-06-12T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-06-19T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-06-26T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-07-03T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-07-10T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-07-17T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-07-24T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-07-31T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-08-07T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-08-14T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-08-21T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-08-28T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-09-04T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-09-11T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-09-18T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-09-25T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-10-02T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-10-09T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-10-16T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-10-23T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-10-30T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-11-06T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-11-13T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-11-20T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-11-27T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-12-04T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-12-11T00:00:00.000000000',
           '2024-12-18T00:00:00.000000000', '2024-12-25T00:00:00.000000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[ns]')

• Data variables: (5)
  • so
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Salinity

    standard_name :

    sea_water_salinity

    unit_long :

    Practical Salinity Unit

    units :

    1e-3

    valid_max :

    50.0

    valid_min :

    0.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 854.00 GiB 3.12 MiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 640, 1280) Dask graph 416000 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • thetao
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Temperature

    standard_name :

    sea_water_potential_temperature

    unit_long :

    Degrees Celsius

    units :

    degrees_C

    valid_max :

    40.0

    valid_min :

    -10.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 854.00 GiB 3.12 MiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 640, 1280) Dask graph 416000 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • uo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Eastward velocity

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    unit_long :

    Meters per second

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 854.00 GiB 3.12 MiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 640, 1280) Dask graph 416000 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • vo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Northward velocity

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    unit_long :

    Meters per second

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 854.00 GiB 3.12 MiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 640, 1280) Dask graph 416000 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • zos
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Sea surface height

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    unit_long :

    Meters

    units :

    m

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 17.08 GiB 3.12 MiB Shape (52, 10, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 640, 1280) Dask graph 8320 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

• Indexes: (5)
  • depth
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0.49402499198913574,  1.5413750410079956,  2.6456689834594727,
            3.8194949626922607,   5.078224182128906,   6.440614223480225,
              7.92956018447876,   9.572997093200684,  11.404999732971191,
            13.467140197753906,  15.810070037841797,  18.495559692382812,
            21.598819732666016,  25.211410522460938,  29.444730758666992,
             34.43415069580078,  40.344051361083984,   47.37369155883789,
             55.76428985595703,   65.80726623535156,   77.85385131835938,
              92.3260726928711,  109.72930145263672,  130.66600036621094,
            155.85069274902344,  186.12559509277344,  222.47520446777344,
             266.0403137207031,   318.1274108886719,   380.2130126953125,
             453.9377136230469,   541.0889282226562,   643.5667724609375,
             763.3331298828125,   902.3392944335938,    1062.43994140625,
                1245.291015625,     1452.2509765625,  1684.2840576171875,
            1941.8929443359375,   2225.077880859375,        2533.3359375,
             2865.702880859375,   3220.820068359375,   3597.031982421875,
              3992.48388671875,    4405.22412109375,      4833.291015625,
               5274.7841796875,     5727.9169921875],
          dtype='float32', name='depth'))

  • latitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([             -80.0, -79.91666412353516, -79.83333587646484,
                       -79.75, -79.66666412353516, -79.58333587646484,
                        -79.5, -79.41666412353516, -79.33333587646484,
                       -79.25,
           ...
                        89.25,  89.33334350585938,  89.41667175292969,
                         89.5,  89.58334350585938,  89.66667175292969,
                        89.75,  89.83334350585938,  89.91667175292969,
                         90.0],
          dtype='float32', name='latitude', length=2041))

  • lead_day_index
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], dtype='int64', name='lead_day_index'))

  • longitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([            -180.0, -179.9166717529297, -179.8333282470703,
                      -179.75, -179.6666717529297, -179.5833282470703,
                       -179.5, -179.4166717529297, -179.3333282470703,
                      -179.25,
           ...
           179.16668701171875,             179.25, 179.33334350585938,
           179.41668701171875,              179.5, 179.58334350585938,
           179.66668701171875,             179.75, 179.83334350585938,
           179.91668701171875],
          dtype='float32', name='longitude', length=4320))

  • first_day_datetime
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2024-01-03', '2024-01-10', '2024-01-17', '2024-01-24',
                   '2024-01-31', '2024-02-07', '2024-02-14', '2024-02-21',
                   '2024-02-28', '2024-03-06', '2024-03-13', '2024-03-20',
                   '2024-03-27', '2024-04-03', '2024-04-10', '2024-04-17',
                   '2024-04-24', '2024-05-01', '2024-05-08', '2024-05-15',
                   '2024-05-22', '2024-05-29', '2024-06-05', '2024-06-12',
                   '2024-06-19', '2024-06-26', '2024-07-03', '2024-07-10',
                   '2024-07-17', '2024-07-24', '2024-07-31', '2024-08-07',
                   '2024-08-14', '2024-08-21', '2024-08-28', '2024-09-04',
                   '2024-09-11', '2024-09-18', '2024-09-25', '2024-10-02',
                   '2024-10-09', '2024-10-16', '2024-10-23', '2024-10-30',
                   '2024-11-06', '2024-11-13', '2024-11-20', '2024-11-27',
                   '2024-12-04', '2024-12-11', '2024-12-18', '2024-12-25'],
                  dtype='datetime64[ns]', name='first_day_datetime', freq=None))

• Attributes: (2)

  oceanbench_source_kind :

  challenger

  oceanbench_source_name :

  glo12

Evaluation configuration

region = 'global'

Evaluation of challenger dataset using OceanBench

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.067727	0.068732	0.069845	0.071128	0.072667	0.074345	0.076450	0.078621	0.080585	0.082526
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.552937	0.557038	0.562502	0.570451	0.580782	0.593408	0.608431	0.624723	0.639475	0.655831
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.629843	0.629478	0.629289	0.630273	0.631233	0.632084	0.633419	0.635184	0.636148	0.638197
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.131248	0.134048	0.137162	0.140635	0.144345	0.148367	0.152898	0.157435	0.161222	0.164734
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.133369	0.136288	0.139534	0.143159	0.147299	0.151715	0.156438	0.161064	0.165011	0.168560
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.925507	0.929037	0.933092	0.937805	0.945068	0.953412	0.963793	0.975064	0.983626	0.991620
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.255509	0.255640	0.255869	0.256263	0.256865	0.257644	0.258560	0.259588	0.260354	0.261224
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.125201	0.127351	0.129810	0.132510	0.135357	0.138509	0.141808	0.145172	0.147743	0.150169
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.127846	0.129967	0.132338	0.134896	0.137631	0.140522	0.143777	0.146916	0.149385	0.151859
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	1.103968	1.106732	1.109989	1.114581	1.121174	1.129530	1.140031	1.151104	1.158629	1.166603
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.200755	0.200785	0.200847	0.201121	0.201568	0.202159	0.202935	0.203761	0.204289	0.204837
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.122960	0.124729	0.126711	0.128839	0.131099	0.133606	0.136323	0.139054	0.141144	0.143119
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.128223	0.129949	0.131745	0.133776	0.135902	0.138131	0.140590	0.143136	0.145162	0.147063
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.916558	0.919861	0.923444	0.928118	0.933587	0.940351	0.948404	0.956899	0.962824	0.968677
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.163802	0.163929	0.164080	0.164379	0.164812	0.165388	0.166112	0.166867	0.167351	0.167854
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.119898	0.121031	0.122221	0.123551	0.124979	0.126539	0.128291	0.130065	0.131426	0.132687
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.126370	0.127487	0.128624	0.129810	0.131108	0.132553	0.134156	0.135786	0.137090	0.138291
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.775982	0.779375	0.783270	0.788202	0.794138	0.801115	0.809156	0.817533	0.823564	0.829576
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.136848	0.137056	0.137329	0.137722	0.138243	0.138894	0.139668	0.140470	0.141044	0.141648
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.116872	0.117779	0.118719	0.119767	0.120952	0.122266	0.123722	0.125181	0.126317	0.127371
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.121881	0.122775	0.123697	0.124676	0.125734	0.126926	0.128248	0.129606	0.130698	0.131739
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.597389	0.600072	0.603261	0.607328	0.612356	0.618172	0.624803	0.631681	0.636921	0.642126
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.103861	0.104010	0.104213	0.104524	0.104931	0.105425	0.106006	0.106610	0.107072	0.107558
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.107252	0.107865	0.108507	0.109211	0.109993	0.110869	0.111855	0.112865	0.113661	0.114417
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.111518	0.112093	0.112699	0.113354	0.114091	0.114925	0.115820	0.116749	0.117507	0.118239

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	31.856503	31.775862	31.956188	32.275253	32.683048	33.051071	33.571083	34.264145	34.840111	35.759487

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.159942	0.161815	0.164173	0.166611	0.169195	0.172107	0.175444	0.178199	0.180207	0.182448
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.172680	0.174528	0.177316	0.179547	0.181673	0.184095	0.187169	0.190138	0.192401	0.195354

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to observations

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_observations(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.784868	0.816129	0.792875	0.815646	0.851446	0.887269	0.889079	0.908877	0.938751	0.914067
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{0-5m}	0.772856	0.781452	0.808953	0.844204	0.855879	0.853452	0.895470	0.876526	0.888083	0.933483
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{5-100m}	0.906570	0.924867	0.912530	0.957696	0.960275	0.964287	0.993636	1.015639	1.033470	1.055458
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100-300m}	0.821995	0.854652	0.841829	0.855745	0.884240	0.891473	0.919264	0.917970	0.965920	0.962769
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300-600m}	0.551025	0.576574	0.579113	0.582817	0.609564	0.628250	0.631541	0.648822	0.662803	0.677297
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{0-5m}	0.279104	0.294473	0.306634	0.319751	0.298139	0.316922	0.294749	0.301818	0.322364	0.334340
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{5-100m}	0.251115	0.255705	0.261699	0.257720	0.268807	0.262874	0.266480	0.273725	0.278525	0.284769
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100-300m}	0.138148	0.141085	0.142894	0.142833	0.148453	0.147232	0.154632	0.151495	0.154990	0.159876
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300-600m}	0.089471	0.090984	0.091399	0.092216	0.094993	0.096199	0.097560	0.101327	0.102674	0.104311
Sea level anomaly (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.050516	0.053128	0.055268	0.058147	0.060596	0.063217	0.065613	0.067861	0.070845	0.072645
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.213136	0.214374	0.219310	0.221393	0.220774	0.224192	0.228913	0.232809	0.234450	0.237656
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.195887	0.198149	0.201449	0.205320	0.208352	0.211356	0.214002	0.217751	0.219653	0.221968

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	11.803396	23.145418	33.990318	44.396038	54.443569	64.189194	73.710518	83.028358

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.009771	0.011692	0.015041	0.019294	0.024339	0.029683	0.035565	0.040932	0.044806	0.048514
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.111355	0.136588	0.172841	0.215548	0.262507	0.311343	0.361329	0.407491	0.443331	0.479255
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.058759	0.069546	0.086174	0.104887	0.125526	0.146784	0.167880	0.187846	0.202830	0.218679
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.030071	0.037400	0.047730	0.059356	0.071919	0.084732	0.097663	0.109235	0.117931	0.125699
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.028771	0.036873	0.048327	0.060522	0.073535	0.086711	0.099708	0.111459	0.120519	0.128564
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.182376	0.206575	0.245154	0.295525	0.352543	0.413346	0.474973	0.530018	0.566407	0.600649
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.038307	0.043829	0.051816	0.061955	0.073405	0.085391	0.097466	0.108585	0.116535	0.123893
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.028037	0.033208	0.040765	0.050128	0.060790	0.072134	0.083557	0.093835	0.101121	0.107798
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.026967	0.032563	0.040401	0.049915	0.060576	0.071738	0.083037	0.093345	0.100780	0.107497
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.199652	0.225092	0.265258	0.317974	0.377897	0.442256	0.507849	0.566665	0.604917	0.641500
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.032133	0.036863	0.043452	0.051846	0.061445	0.071628	0.081924	0.091351	0.097977	0.104020
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.025873	0.030473	0.037043	0.045392	0.055020	0.065336	0.075774	0.085245	0.091892	0.098024
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.025147	0.030012	0.036794	0.045205	0.054712	0.064787	0.075063	0.084501	0.091313	0.097510
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.142830	0.165285	0.198203	0.240614	0.289469	0.341982	0.395846	0.444871	0.477416	0.507623
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.024330	0.028172	0.033403	0.040010	0.047610	0.055765	0.064091	0.071777	0.077304	0.082401
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.020749	0.024486	0.029833	0.036654	0.044542	0.053035	0.061719	0.069695	0.075361	0.080587
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.019280	0.023231	0.028701	0.035501	0.043259	0.051567	0.060043	0.067869	0.073585	0.078843
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.117838	0.137806	0.166897	0.204292	0.247442	0.293838	0.341334	0.384743	0.413949	0.441032
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.019742	0.023073	0.027594	0.033294	0.039848	0.046873	0.054028	0.060659	0.065507	0.069971
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.019151	0.022518	0.027362	0.033559	0.040741	0.048518	0.056498	0.063880	0.069161	0.074076
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.017557	0.021120	0.026049	0.032185	0.039222	0.046794	0.054570	0.061789	0.067135	0.072083
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.088317	0.103909	0.126684	0.155968	0.189867	0.226547	0.264368	0.299188	0.323028	0.345148
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.014010	0.016505	0.019880	0.024122	0.029015	0.034297	0.039721	0.044778	0.048548	0.052024
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.016030	0.018777	0.022724	0.027775	0.033662	0.040088	0.046748	0.052970	0.057500	0.061759
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.014512	0.017405	0.021402	0.026382	0.032119	0.038341	0.044783	0.050857	0.055470	0.059780

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	7.681401	10.13465	12.438959	14.605188	16.796366	18.770342	20.786043	22.6563	24.2722	26.130959

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.050003	0.056954	0.066310	0.076782	0.087961	0.099688	0.111359	0.121934	0.129485	0.136602
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.052942	0.060545	0.070606	0.082167	0.094084	0.106330	0.118744	0.129480	0.137661	0.145459

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	2.305467	5.104064	8.529934	12.668401	17.575291	23.233164	29.568892	36.418598