Open challenger datasets

import oceanbench

oceanbench.__version__

'0.3.0'

Insert here the code that opens the challenger dataset as challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Mercator Ocean International <https://www.mercator-ocean.eu/>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: EUPL-1.2

# Open WenHai 1 degree interpolated challenger forecasts with xarray
import xarray
import oceanbench

challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset = oceanbench.datasets.challenger.wenhai_1_degree()

challenger_dataset

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 12GB
Dimensions:                          (first_day_datetime: 52,
                                      lead_day_index: 10, depth: 23,
                                      latitude: 170, longitude: 360)
Coordinates:
  * depth                            (depth) float32 92B 0.494 2.646 ... 643.6
  * lead_day_index                   (lead_day_index) int64 80B 0 1 2 ... 7 8 9
  * first_day_datetime               (first_day_datetime) datetime64[us] 416B ...
  * latitude                         (latitude) float64 1kB -79.5 -78.5 ... 89.5
  * longitude                        (longitude) float64 3kB -179.5 ... 179.5
Data variables:
    sea_water_salinity               (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 3GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    sea_water_potential_temperature  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 3GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    eastward_sea_water_velocity      (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 3GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    northward_sea_water_velocity     (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 3GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    sea_surface_height_above_geoid   (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude) float32 127MB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes:
    Conventions:                   CF-1.8
    challenger:                    wenhai
    forecast_reference_time:       2024-01-02
    oceanbench_source_kind:        challenger
    oceanbench_source_name:        wenhai
    oceanbench_source_resolution:  one_degree

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • first_day_datetime: 52
  • lead_day_index: 10
  • depth: 23
  • latitude: 170
  • longitude: 360
• Coordinates: (5)
  • depth
    (depth)
    float32
    0.494 2.646 5.078 ... 541.1 643.6

    axis :

    Z

    long_name :

    Depth

    positive :

    down

    standard_name :

    depth

    units :

    m

    array([4.940250e-01, 2.645669e+00, 5.078224e+00, 7.929560e+00, 1.140500e+01,
           1.581007e+01, 2.159882e+01, 2.944473e+01, 4.034405e+01, 5.576429e+01,
           7.785385e+01, 9.232607e+01, 1.097293e+02, 1.306660e+02, 1.558507e+02,
           1.861256e+02, 2.224752e+02, 2.660403e+02, 3.181274e+02, 3.802130e+02,
           4.539377e+02, 5.410889e+02, 6.435668e+02], dtype=float32)

  • lead_day_index
    (lead_day_index)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

  • first_day_datetime
    (first_day_datetime)
    datetime64[us]
    2024-01-03 ... 2024-12-25

    array(['2024-01-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-06T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-13T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-20T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-27T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-03T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-10T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-17T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-24T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-01T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-08T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-15T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-22T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-29T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-05T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-12T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-19T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-26T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-04T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-11T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-18T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-25T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-02T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-09T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-16T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-23T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-30T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-06T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-13T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-20T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-27T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-04T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-11T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-18T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-25T00:00:00.000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[us]')

  • latitude
    (latitude)
    float64
    -79.5 -78.5 -77.5 ... 88.5 89.5

    axis :

    Y

    long_name :

    Latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    units :

    degrees_north

    array([-79.5, -78.5, -77.5, -76.5, -75.5, -74.5, -73.5, -72.5, -71.5, -70.5,
           -69.5, -68.5, -67.5, -66.5, -65.5, -64.5, -63.5, -62.5, -61.5, -60.5,
           -59.5, -58.5, -57.5, -56.5, -55.5, -54.5, -53.5, -52.5, -51.5, -50.5,
           -49.5, -48.5, -47.5, -46.5, -45.5, -44.5, -43.5, -42.5, -41.5, -40.5,
           -39.5, -38.5, -37.5, -36.5, -35.5, -34.5, -33.5, -32.5, -31.5, -30.5,
           -29.5, -28.5, -27.5, -26.5, -25.5, -24.5, -23.5, -22.5, -21.5, -20.5,
           -19.5, -18.5, -17.5, -16.5, -15.5, -14.5, -13.5, -12.5, -11.5, -10.5,
            -9.5,  -8.5,  -7.5,  -6.5,  -5.5,  -4.5,  -3.5,  -2.5,  -1.5,  -0.5,
             0.5,   1.5,   2.5,   3.5,   4.5,   5.5,   6.5,   7.5,   8.5,   9.5,
            10.5,  11.5,  12.5,  13.5,  14.5,  15.5,  16.5,  17.5,  18.5,  19.5,
            20.5,  21.5,  22.5,  23.5,  24.5,  25.5,  26.5,  27.5,  28.5,  29.5,
            30.5,  31.5,  32.5,  33.5,  34.5,  35.5,  36.5,  37.5,  38.5,  39.5,
            40.5,  41.5,  42.5,  43.5,  44.5,  45.5,  46.5,  47.5,  48.5,  49.5,
            50.5,  51.5,  52.5,  53.5,  54.5,  55.5,  56.5,  57.5,  58.5,  59.5,
            60.5,  61.5,  62.5,  63.5,  64.5,  65.5,  66.5,  67.5,  68.5,  69.5,
            70.5,  71.5,  72.5,  73.5,  74.5,  75.5,  76.5,  77.5,  78.5,  79.5,
            80.5,  81.5,  82.5,  83.5,  84.5,  85.5,  86.5,  87.5,  88.5,  89.5])

  • longitude
    (longitude)
    float64
    -179.5 -178.5 ... 178.5 179.5

    axis :

    X

    long_name :

    Longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    units :

    degrees_east

    array([-179.5, -178.5, -177.5, ...,  177.5,  178.5,  179.5], shape=(360,))

• Data variables: (5)
  • sea_water_salinity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    long_name :

    Salinity

    longitudeg_name :

    Salinity

    standard_name :

    sea_water_salinity

    units :

    1e-3

    Array Chunk Bytes 2.73 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 23, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 11960 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • sea_water_potential_temperature
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    long_name :

    Temperature

    longitudeg_name :

    Temperature

    standard_name :

    sea_water_potential_temperature

    units :

    degrees_C

    Array Chunk Bytes 2.73 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 23, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 11960 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • eastward_sea_water_velocity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    long_name :

    Eastward velocity

    longitudeg_name :

    Eastward velocity

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    Array Chunk Bytes 2.73 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 23, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 11960 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • northward_sea_water_velocity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    long_name :

    Northward velocity

    longitudeg_name :

    Northward velocity

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    Array Chunk Bytes 2.73 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 23, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 11960 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • sea_surface_height_above_geoid
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    long_name :

    Sea surface height

    longitudeg_name :

    Sea surface height

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    units :

    m

    Array Chunk Bytes 121.40 MiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 170, 360) (1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 520 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

• Indexes: (5)
  • depth
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0.49402499198913574,  2.6456689834594727,   5.078224182128906,
              7.92956018447876,  11.404999732971191,  15.810070037841797,
            21.598819732666016,  29.444730758666992,  40.344051361083984,
             55.76428985595703,   77.85385131835938,    92.3260726928711,
            109.72930145263672,  130.66600036621094,  155.85069274902344,
            186.12559509277344,  222.47520446777344,   266.0403137207031,
             318.1274108886719,   380.2130126953125,   453.9377136230469,
             541.0889282226562,   643.5667724609375],
          dtype='float32', name='depth'))

  • lead_day_index
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], dtype='int64', name='lead_day_index'))

  • first_day_datetime
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2024-01-03', '2024-01-10', '2024-01-17', '2024-01-24',
                   '2024-01-31', '2024-02-07', '2024-02-14', '2024-02-21',
                   '2024-02-28', '2024-03-06', '2024-03-13', '2024-03-20',
                   '2024-03-27', '2024-04-03', '2024-04-10', '2024-04-17',
                   '2024-04-24', '2024-05-01', '2024-05-08', '2024-05-15',
                   '2024-05-22', '2024-05-29', '2024-06-05', '2024-06-12',
                   '2024-06-19', '2024-06-26', '2024-07-03', '2024-07-10',
                   '2024-07-17', '2024-07-24', '2024-07-31', '2024-08-07',
                   '2024-08-14', '2024-08-21', '2024-08-28', '2024-09-04',
                   '2024-09-11', '2024-09-18', '2024-09-25', '2024-10-02',
                   '2024-10-09', '2024-10-16', '2024-10-23', '2024-10-30',
                   '2024-11-06', '2024-11-13', '2024-11-20', '2024-11-27',
                   '2024-12-04', '2024-12-11', '2024-12-18', '2024-12-25'],
                  dtype='datetime64[us]', name='first_day_datetime', freq=None))

  • latitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([-79.5, -78.5, -77.5, -76.5, -75.5, -74.5, -73.5, -72.5, -71.5, -70.5,
           ...
            80.5,  81.5,  82.5,  83.5,  84.5,  85.5,  86.5,  87.5,  88.5,  89.5],
          dtype='float64', name='latitude', length=170))

  • longitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([-179.5, -178.5, -177.5, -176.5, -175.5, -174.5, -173.5, -172.5, -171.5,
           -170.5,
           ...
            170.5,  171.5,  172.5,  173.5,  174.5,  175.5,  176.5,  177.5,  178.5,
            179.5],
          dtype='float64', name='longitude', length=360))

• Attributes: (6)

  Conventions :

  CF-1.8

  challenger :

  wenhai

  forecast_reference_time :

  2024-01-02

  oceanbench_source_kind :

  challenger

  oceanbench_source_name :

  wenhai

  oceanbench_source_resolution :

  one_degree

Evaluation configuration

region = 'global'

Evaluation of challenger dataset using OceanBench

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.068266	0.068689	0.069211	0.070154	0.071157	0.072216	0.073331	0.074798	0.075915	0.077359
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.544589	0.545430	0.546594	0.549358	0.554531	0.561528	0.571791	0.582898	0.592573	0.603486
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.807842	0.802881	0.798926	0.795787	0.793732	0.793074	0.792372	0.790849	0.789116	0.788948
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.119509	0.119425	0.120093	0.121294	0.122649	0.124577	0.126953	0.129675	0.131788	0.133873
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.121125	0.121462	0.122551	0.124099	0.125899	0.128341	0.131381	0.134550	0.137003	0.139406
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.829411	0.825540	0.823103	0.821743	0.822436	0.825375	0.831089	0.837725	0.841627	0.845705
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.439113	0.438525	0.438101	0.437795	0.437672	0.437716	0.437893	0.438180	0.438345	0.438484
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.113817	0.113673	0.114066	0.114824	0.115730	0.116900	0.118541	0.120363	0.121565	0.122728
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.115872	0.116252	0.117010	0.117971	0.119044	0.120568	0.122682	0.125038	0.126612	0.128206
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	1.003728	1.001476	1.000932	1.002373	1.005643	1.010698	1.017847	1.025148	1.029822	1.034990
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.252735	0.252182	0.251813	0.251686	0.251701	0.251871	0.252156	0.252533	0.252727	0.252862
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.111284	0.110885	0.110917	0.111260	0.111841	0.112821	0.114144	0.115548	0.116356	0.117159
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.115441	0.115211	0.115327	0.115793	0.116574	0.117573	0.118895	0.120553	0.121674	0.122760
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.849353	0.847742	0.846830	0.847098	0.848211	0.850866	0.854869	0.858928	0.861047	0.863265
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.159518	0.159018	0.158683	0.158530	0.158559	0.158759	0.159109	0.159423	0.159548	0.159724
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.108973	0.108353	0.108048	0.107957	0.108021	0.108306	0.108943	0.109666	0.110045	0.110438
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.114091	0.113636	0.113377	0.113314	0.113455	0.113811	0.114388	0.115212	0.115705	0.116252
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.720410	0.718918	0.718111	0.718642	0.720194	0.722809	0.726306	0.730393	0.732606	0.734677
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.125958	0.125547	0.125249	0.125174	0.125286	0.125508	0.125862	0.126302	0.126532	0.126756
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.106370	0.105670	0.105262	0.105056	0.105031	0.105201	0.105656	0.106217	0.106442	0.106708
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.110395	0.109878	0.109545	0.109374	0.109394	0.109614	0.110045	0.110616	0.110938	0.111314
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.557629	0.556312	0.555357	0.555509	0.556455	0.558463	0.561486	0.564784	0.566192	0.567649
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.094811	0.094489	0.094314	0.094337	0.094436	0.094639	0.094965	0.095320	0.095480	0.095701
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.097609	0.096801	0.096225	0.095824	0.095589	0.095514	0.095654	0.095884	0.095925	0.095980
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.101279	0.100622	0.100156	0.099827	0.099697	0.099733	0.099933	0.100215	0.100335	0.100523

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	38.119209	40.705223	43.268551	45.522892	47.415462	49.078812	50.755508	52.256142	53.429714	54.525154

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.054414	0.055366	0.056389	0.057469	0.058971	0.060693	0.062717	0.064652	0.066304	0.068123
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.051109	0.052264	0.053703	0.054545	0.056308	0.058310	0.060046	0.061795	0.064059	0.066783

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to observations

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_observations(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.767613	0.798795	0.757533	0.774186	0.789433	0.833330	0.836709	0.839137	0.873894	0.833756
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{0-5m}	0.781928	0.774005	0.790150	0.815132	0.806515	0.836198	0.858967	0.832959	0.824835	0.861849
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{5-100m}	0.899046	0.881724	0.871306	0.911336	0.893934	0.899274	0.912507	0.945186	0.938916	0.949947
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100-300m}	0.821085	0.824018	0.815891	0.827474	0.844829	0.832988	0.862314	0.866283	0.881911	0.897116
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300-600m}	0.555462	0.566225	0.556807	0.567189	0.581320	0.581937	0.595020	0.591970	0.598683	0.609098
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{0-5m}	0.243245	0.253155	0.254318	0.279772	0.261113	0.275481	0.259454	0.252511	0.266715	0.266322
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{5-100m}	0.196110	0.197158	0.202653	0.202194	0.203783	0.201876	0.204028	0.203475	0.206431	0.216666
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100-300m}	0.128979	0.129623	0.129827	0.130050	0.132590	0.129202	0.136472	0.133701	0.134907	0.141421
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300-600m}	0.081910	0.083218	0.081766	0.083772	0.085454	0.083727	0.087186	0.086784	0.086543	0.089647
Sea level anomaly (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.051885	0.052993	0.054095	0.055891	0.057397	0.059257	0.061350	0.063023	0.065322	0.066823
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.213965	0.212448	0.215181	0.215866	0.214114	0.214867	0.217361	0.219791	0.219268	0.221682
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.192992	0.193061	0.194485	0.196675	0.196739	0.198067	0.198678	0.200772	0.201013	0.201943

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	9.495559	17.310753	24.236662	30.680672	36.846363	42.84866	48.778824	54.683491

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.018891	0.024604	0.028945	0.033525	0.038061	0.042110	0.046267	0.050530	0.053412	0.056468
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.156890	0.200678	0.237292	0.272836	0.308825	0.345159	0.384125	0.421644	0.448901	0.475487
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.139562	0.175199	0.205088	0.233520	0.257687	0.279440	0.300590	0.321251	0.338571	0.355503
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.048149	0.056929	0.064523	0.072692	0.080955	0.089442	0.098176	0.106387	0.112044	0.116977
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.047292	0.057308	0.065524	0.073769	0.082347	0.091535	0.100609	0.109332	0.115739	0.121265
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.557487	0.577959	0.596329	0.617336	0.640953	0.667109	0.695992	0.725256	0.745008	0.762193
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.124186	0.129198	0.133884	0.138718	0.144019	0.149697	0.155618	0.161498	0.165918	0.169958
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.041345	0.048013	0.054913	0.062258	0.069776	0.077359	0.085414	0.092854	0.097883	0.102295
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.044253	0.052392	0.059597	0.066897	0.074404	0.082564	0.091062	0.099088	0.104775	0.109551
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.220820	0.278591	0.326556	0.374076	0.422353	0.470758	0.519817	0.564945	0.594721	0.622725
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.040063	0.052484	0.061969	0.070209	0.077995	0.085521	0.093017	0.100022	0.104997	0.109558
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.031960	0.040068	0.047004	0.054213	0.061840	0.069639	0.077558	0.084773	0.089605	0.093766
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.031321	0.040175	0.047547	0.055020	0.062794	0.070850	0.078842	0.086272	0.091528	0.096034
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.165996	0.217627	0.259064	0.298042	0.336914	0.376823	0.417162	0.454228	0.478955	0.501732
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.032019	0.042548	0.050801	0.057828	0.064291	0.070494	0.076648	0.082204	0.086287	0.090082
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.026258	0.033974	0.040438	0.046870	0.053604	0.060433	0.067347	0.073765	0.078152	0.081964
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.024843	0.032959	0.039583	0.046136	0.052783	0.059743	0.066573	0.072909	0.077498	0.081579
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.141706	0.189857	0.228863	0.263849	0.298266	0.334099	0.370326	0.403752	0.425932	0.446240
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.027764	0.037140	0.044571	0.050726	0.056393	0.061901	0.067318	0.072293	0.075955	0.079288
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.024561	0.032226	0.038578	0.044668	0.051003	0.057413	0.063868	0.069908	0.074106	0.077809
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.022989	0.030856	0.037327	0.043525	0.049753	0.056221	0.062625	0.068600	0.072936	0.076835
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.111516	0.154955	0.189258	0.219447	0.247598	0.275397	0.303242	0.329064	0.346601	0.362361
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.022603	0.030175	0.036289	0.041429	0.045917	0.050099	0.054090	0.057768	0.060515	0.062997
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.022157	0.029914	0.036055	0.041673	0.047202	0.052655	0.058103	0.063209	0.066866	0.070087
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.020662	0.028586	0.034854	0.040539	0.046083	0.051587	0.057009	0.062111	0.065918	0.069314

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	21.989096	27.518614	31.787199	35.265781	38.044258	40.593693	42.874451	44.694107	46.259731	47.60899

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.019315	0.023937	0.028378	0.032760	0.037085	0.041620	0.046375	0.050629	0.053710	0.056718
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.020030	0.025148	0.029638	0.033995	0.038270	0.042763	0.046772	0.050321	0.053456	0.056923

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	3.888613	7.541334	11.093541	14.82224	18.837709	23.175068	27.858887	32.836376