Open challenger datasets

import oceanbench

oceanbench.__version__

'0.2.1'

Insert here the code that opens the challenger dataset as challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Mercator Ocean International <https://www.mercator-ocean.eu/>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: EUPL-1.2

# Open WenHai 1 degree interpolated challenger forecasts with xarray
import xarray
import oceanbench

challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset = oceanbench.datasets.challenger.wenhai_1_degree()

challenger_dataset

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 12GB
Dimensions:                          (first_day_datetime: 52,
                                      lead_day_index: 10, depth: 23,
                                      latitude: 170, longitude: 360)
Coordinates:
  * depth                            (depth) float32 92B 0.494 2.646 ... 643.6
  * lead_day_index                   (lead_day_index) int64 80B 0 1 2 ... 7 8 9
  * first_day_datetime               (first_day_datetime) datetime64[us] 416B ...
  * latitude                         (latitude) float64 1kB -79.5 -78.5 ... 89.5
  * longitude                        (longitude) float64 3kB -179.5 ... 179.5
Data variables:
    sea_water_salinity               (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 3GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    sea_water_potential_temperature  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 3GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    eastward_sea_water_velocity      (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 3GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    northward_sea_water_velocity     (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 3GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    sea_surface_height_above_geoid   (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude) float32 127MB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes:
    Conventions:                   CF-1.8
    challenger:                    wenhai
    forecast_reference_time:       2024-01-02
    oceanbench_source_kind:        challenger
    oceanbench_source_name:        wenhai
    oceanbench_source_resolution:  one_degree

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • first_day_datetime: 52
  • lead_day_index: 10
  • depth: 23
  • latitude: 170
  • longitude: 360
• Coordinates: (5)
  • depth
    (depth)
    float32
    0.494 2.646 5.078 ... 541.1 643.6

    axis :

    Z

    long_name :

    Depth

    positive :

    down

    standard_name :

    depth

    units :

    m

    array([4.940250e-01, 2.645669e+00, 5.078224e+00, 7.929560e+00, 1.140500e+01,
           1.581007e+01, 2.159882e+01, 2.944473e+01, 4.034405e+01, 5.576429e+01,
           7.785385e+01, 9.232607e+01, 1.097293e+02, 1.306660e+02, 1.558507e+02,
           1.861256e+02, 2.224752e+02, 2.660403e+02, 3.181274e+02, 3.802130e+02,
           4.539377e+02, 5.410889e+02, 6.435668e+02], dtype=float32)

  • lead_day_index
    (lead_day_index)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

  • first_day_datetime
    (first_day_datetime)
    datetime64[us]
    2024-01-03 ... 2024-12-25

    array(['2024-01-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-06T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-13T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-20T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-27T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-03T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-10T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-17T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-24T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-01T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-08T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-15T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-22T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-29T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-05T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-12T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-19T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-26T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-04T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-11T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-18T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-25T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-02T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-09T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-16T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-23T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-30T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-06T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-13T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-20T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-27T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-04T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-11T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-18T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-25T00:00:00.000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[us]')

  • latitude
    (latitude)
    float64
    -79.5 -78.5 -77.5 ... 88.5 89.5

    axis :

    Y

    long_name :

    Latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    units :

    degrees_north

    array([-79.5, -78.5, -77.5, -76.5, -75.5, -74.5, -73.5, -72.5, -71.5, -70.5,
           -69.5, -68.5, -67.5, -66.5, -65.5, -64.5, -63.5, -62.5, -61.5, -60.5,
           -59.5, -58.5, -57.5, -56.5, -55.5, -54.5, -53.5, -52.5, -51.5, -50.5,
           -49.5, -48.5, -47.5, -46.5, -45.5, -44.5, -43.5, -42.5, -41.5, -40.5,
           -39.5, -38.5, -37.5, -36.5, -35.5, -34.5, -33.5, -32.5, -31.5, -30.5,
           -29.5, -28.5, -27.5, -26.5, -25.5, -24.5, -23.5, -22.5, -21.5, -20.5,
           -19.5, -18.5, -17.5, -16.5, -15.5, -14.5, -13.5, -12.5, -11.5, -10.5,
            -9.5,  -8.5,  -7.5,  -6.5,  -5.5,  -4.5,  -3.5,  -2.5,  -1.5,  -0.5,
             0.5,   1.5,   2.5,   3.5,   4.5,   5.5,   6.5,   7.5,   8.5,   9.5,
            10.5,  11.5,  12.5,  13.5,  14.5,  15.5,  16.5,  17.5,  18.5,  19.5,
            20.5,  21.5,  22.5,  23.5,  24.5,  25.5,  26.5,  27.5,  28.5,  29.5,
            30.5,  31.5,  32.5,  33.5,  34.5,  35.5,  36.5,  37.5,  38.5,  39.5,
            40.5,  41.5,  42.5,  43.5,  44.5,  45.5,  46.5,  47.5,  48.5,  49.5,
            50.5,  51.5,  52.5,  53.5,  54.5,  55.5,  56.5,  57.5,  58.5,  59.5,
            60.5,  61.5,  62.5,  63.5,  64.5,  65.5,  66.5,  67.5,  68.5,  69.5,
            70.5,  71.5,  72.5,  73.5,  74.5,  75.5,  76.5,  77.5,  78.5,  79.5,
            80.5,  81.5,  82.5,  83.5,  84.5,  85.5,  86.5,  87.5,  88.5,  89.5])

  • longitude
    (longitude)
    float64
    -179.5 -178.5 ... 178.5 179.5

    axis :

    X

    long_name :

    Longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    units :

    degrees_east

    array([-179.5, -178.5, -177.5, ...,  177.5,  178.5,  179.5], shape=(360,))

• Data variables: (5)
  • sea_water_salinity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    long_name :

    Salinity

    longitudeg_name :

    Salinity

    standard_name :

    sea_water_salinity

    units :

    1e-3

    Array Chunk Bytes 2.73 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 23, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 11960 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • sea_water_potential_temperature
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    long_name :

    Temperature

    longitudeg_name :

    Temperature

    standard_name :

    sea_water_potential_temperature

    units :

    degrees_C

    Array Chunk Bytes 2.73 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 23, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 11960 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • eastward_sea_water_velocity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    long_name :

    Eastward velocity

    longitudeg_name :

    Eastward velocity

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    Array Chunk Bytes 2.73 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 23, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 11960 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • northward_sea_water_velocity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    long_name :

    Northward velocity

    longitudeg_name :

    Northward velocity

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    Array Chunk Bytes 2.73 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 23, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 11960 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • sea_surface_height_above_geoid
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    long_name :

    Sea surface height

    longitudeg_name :

    Sea surface height

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    units :

    m

    Array Chunk Bytes 121.40 MiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 170, 360) (1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 520 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

• Indexes: (5)
  • depth
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0.49402499198913574,  2.6456689834594727,   5.078224182128906,
              7.92956018447876,  11.404999732971191,  15.810070037841797,
            21.598819732666016,  29.444730758666992,  40.344051361083984,
             55.76428985595703,   77.85385131835938,    92.3260726928711,
            109.72930145263672,  130.66600036621094,  155.85069274902344,
            186.12559509277344,  222.47520446777344,   266.0403137207031,
             318.1274108886719,   380.2130126953125,   453.9377136230469,
             541.0889282226562,   643.5667724609375],
          dtype='float32', name='depth'))

  • lead_day_index
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], dtype='int64', name='lead_day_index'))

  • first_day_datetime
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2024-01-03', '2024-01-10', '2024-01-17', '2024-01-24',
                   '2024-01-31', '2024-02-07', '2024-02-14', '2024-02-21',
                   '2024-02-28', '2024-03-06', '2024-03-13', '2024-03-20',
                   '2024-03-27', '2024-04-03', '2024-04-10', '2024-04-17',
                   '2024-04-24', '2024-05-01', '2024-05-08', '2024-05-15',
                   '2024-05-22', '2024-05-29', '2024-06-05', '2024-06-12',
                   '2024-06-19', '2024-06-26', '2024-07-03', '2024-07-10',
                   '2024-07-17', '2024-07-24', '2024-07-31', '2024-08-07',
                   '2024-08-14', '2024-08-21', '2024-08-28', '2024-09-04',
                   '2024-09-11', '2024-09-18', '2024-09-25', '2024-10-02',
                   '2024-10-09', '2024-10-16', '2024-10-23', '2024-10-30',
                   '2024-11-06', '2024-11-13', '2024-11-20', '2024-11-27',
                   '2024-12-04', '2024-12-11', '2024-12-18', '2024-12-25'],
                  dtype='datetime64[us]', name='first_day_datetime', freq=None))

  • latitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([-79.5, -78.5, -77.5, -76.5, -75.5, -74.5, -73.5, -72.5, -71.5, -70.5,
           ...
            80.5,  81.5,  82.5,  83.5,  84.5,  85.5,  86.5,  87.5,  88.5,  89.5],
          dtype='float64', name='latitude', length=170))

  • longitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([-179.5, -178.5, -177.5, -176.5, -175.5, -174.5, -173.5, -172.5, -171.5,
           -170.5,
           ...
            170.5,  171.5,  172.5,  173.5,  174.5,  175.5,  176.5,  177.5,  178.5,
            179.5],
          dtype='float64', name='longitude', length=360))

• Attributes: (6)

  Conventions :

  CF-1.8

  challenger :

  wenhai

  forecast_reference_time :

  2024-01-02

  oceanbench_source_kind :

  challenger

  oceanbench_source_name :

  wenhai

  oceanbench_source_resolution :

  one_degree

Evaluation configuration

region = 'global'

Evaluation of challenger dataset using OceanBench

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.098092	0.098317	0.098587	0.099160	0.099807	0.100486	0.101264	0.102281	0.103089	0.104095
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.585910	0.585946	0.586365	0.588311	0.592616	0.598704	0.607875	0.617954	0.626850	0.636992
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	1.071530	1.064822	1.059090	1.054218	1.050682	1.048303	1.045929	1.043257	1.040327	1.038526
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.147329	0.146936	0.147200	0.147890	0.148757	0.150126	0.151878	0.153982	0.155620	0.157261
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.149136	0.148994	0.149493	0.150410	0.151602	0.153376	0.155673	0.158139	0.160017	0.161856
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.917748	0.913847	0.911315	0.909795	0.910148	0.912520	0.917400	0.923176	0.926560	0.930143
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.763101	0.762390	0.761879	0.761369	0.760927	0.760744	0.760679	0.760714	0.760645	0.760598
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.131007	0.130801	0.131098	0.131721	0.132462	0.133432	0.134839	0.136414	0.137449	0.138465
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.136404	0.136664	0.137239	0.137990	0.138859	0.140129	0.141945	0.143937	0.145273	0.146611
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	1.065226	1.062793	1.062067	1.063247	1.066119	1.070755	1.077362	1.084137	1.088424	1.093207
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.747226	0.746928	0.746689	0.746528	0.746433	0.746466	0.746500	0.746549	0.746587	0.746586
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.128855	0.128460	0.128427	0.128677	0.129165	0.129999	0.131099	0.132284	0.132964	0.133634
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.133741	0.133471	0.133498	0.133846	0.134501	0.135323	0.136433	0.137849	0.138785	0.139684
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.920880	0.919298	0.918387	0.918495	0.919371	0.921678	0.925231	0.928838	0.930704	0.932679
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.860745	0.860567	0.860440	0.860343	0.860281	0.860241	0.860232	0.860222	0.860179	0.860154
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.125443	0.124863	0.124556	0.124437	0.124461	0.124675	0.125203	0.125806	0.126116	0.126436
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.132254	0.131821	0.131565	0.131460	0.131538	0.131829	0.132301	0.132978	0.133394	0.133858
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.749126	0.747645	0.746856	0.747282	0.748704	0.751115	0.754423	0.758272	0.760346	0.762320
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.586722	0.586606	0.586528	0.586475	0.586459	0.586452	0.586496	0.586552	0.586576	0.586605
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.113558	0.112878	0.112475	0.112261	0.112216	0.112361	0.112769	0.113275	0.113473	0.113712
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.118115	0.117603	0.117269	0.117077	0.117083	0.117284	0.117668	0.118188	0.118483	0.118824
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.584545	0.583279	0.582352	0.582477	0.583364	0.585261	0.588106	0.591222	0.592560	0.593939
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.458541	0.458456	0.458402	0.458391	0.458398	0.458422	0.458469	0.458519	0.458534	0.458563
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.101919	0.101141	0.100577	0.100187	0.099957	0.099877	0.099997	0.100206	0.100243	0.100288
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.105119	0.104478	0.104022	0.103702	0.103572	0.103602	0.103792	0.104060	0.104169	0.104346

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	38.180386	40.757565	43.314049	45.562702	47.451214	49.116573	50.791885	52.28968	53.461136	54.554592

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.118228	0.118579	0.118982	0.119427	0.120103	0.120886	0.121867	0.122828	0.123679	0.124609
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.083690	0.084380	0.085280	0.085805	0.086938	0.088231	0.089376	0.090560	0.092118	0.094029

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to observations

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_observations(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.776587	0.807957	0.762700	0.780285	0.799509	0.837679	0.839406	0.846686	0.878207	0.838542
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{0-5m}	0.844843	0.836868	0.794683	0.815093	0.869288	0.836202	0.858951	0.888983	0.824832	0.865674
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{5-100m}	0.921551	0.900731	0.883074	0.914435	0.914586	0.906589	0.916097	0.965483	0.941501	0.960403
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100-300m}	0.830454	0.831136	0.824174	0.832264	0.850034	0.839722	0.867275	0.875631	0.887067	0.904876
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300-600m}	0.558270	0.566887	0.559256	0.567240	0.583366	0.582118	0.595737	0.593861	0.599155	0.610966
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{0-5m}	0.413320	0.408373	0.272995	0.279809	0.414239	0.275359	0.259400	0.407697	0.266686	0.282684
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{5-100m}	0.308074	0.296581	0.282180	0.253299	0.300250	0.267354	0.242211	0.311789	0.248062	0.291920
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100-300m}	0.307787	0.277894	0.310660	0.262083	0.252223	0.292216	0.315067	0.310243	0.266687	0.316747
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300-600m}	0.103294	0.099030	0.141824	0.097362	0.098986	0.091446	0.112230	0.107090	0.100717	0.148507
Sea level anomaly (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.115590	0.116881	0.118103	0.119495	0.120646	0.122144	0.123850	0.125068	0.126761	0.127816
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.214094	0.212549	0.215256	0.215974	0.214285	0.215063	0.217594	0.219901	0.219357	0.221753
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.193205	0.193173	0.194540	0.196787	0.196884	0.198285	0.198901	0.200962	0.201120	0.201988

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	9.441137	17.199018	24.086191	30.508768	36.65704	42.664238	48.613461	54.52961

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.018891	0.024604	0.028945	0.033525	0.038061	0.042110	0.046267	0.050530	0.053412	0.056468
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.156890	0.200678	0.237292	0.272836	0.308825	0.345159	0.384125	0.421644	0.448901	0.475487
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.139562	0.175199	0.205088	0.233520	0.257687	0.279440	0.300590	0.321251	0.338571	0.355503
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.048149	0.056929	0.064523	0.072692	0.080955	0.089442	0.098176	0.106387	0.112044	0.116977
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.047288	0.057308	0.065524	0.073769	0.082347	0.091535	0.100609	0.109332	0.115739	0.121265
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.557487	0.577959	0.596329	0.617336	0.640953	0.667109	0.695992	0.725256	0.745008	0.762193
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.124186	0.129198	0.133884	0.138718	0.144019	0.149697	0.155618	0.161498	0.165918	0.169958
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.041345	0.048013	0.054913	0.062258	0.069776	0.077359	0.085414	0.092854	0.097883	0.102295
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.044253	0.052392	0.059597	0.066897	0.074404	0.082564	0.091062	0.099088	0.104775	0.109551
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.220820	0.278591	0.326556	0.374076	0.422353	0.470758	0.519817	0.564945	0.594721	0.622725
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.040063	0.052484	0.061969	0.070209	0.077995	0.085521	0.093017	0.100022	0.104997	0.109558
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.031960	0.040068	0.047004	0.054213	0.061840	0.069639	0.077558	0.084773	0.089605	0.093766
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.031321	0.040175	0.047547	0.055020	0.062794	0.070850	0.078842	0.086272	0.091528	0.096034
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.165996	0.217627	0.259064	0.298042	0.336914	0.376823	0.417162	0.454228	0.478955	0.501732
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.032019	0.042548	0.050801	0.057828	0.064291	0.070494	0.076648	0.082204	0.086287	0.090082
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.026258	0.033974	0.040438	0.046870	0.053604	0.060433	0.067347	0.073765	0.078152	0.081964
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.024843	0.032959	0.039583	0.046136	0.052783	0.059743	0.066573	0.072909	0.077498	0.081579
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.141706	0.189857	0.228863	0.263849	0.298266	0.334099	0.370326	0.403752	0.425932	0.446240
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.027764	0.037140	0.044571	0.050726	0.056393	0.061901	0.067318	0.072293	0.075955	0.079288
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.024561	0.032226	0.038578	0.044668	0.051003	0.057413	0.063868	0.069908	0.074106	0.077809
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.022989	0.030856	0.037327	0.043525	0.049753	0.056221	0.062625	0.068600	0.072936	0.076835
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.111516	0.154955	0.189258	0.219447	0.247598	0.275397	0.303242	0.329064	0.346601	0.362361
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.022603	0.030175	0.036289	0.041429	0.045917	0.050099	0.054090	0.057768	0.060515	0.062997
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.022157	0.029914	0.036055	0.041673	0.047202	0.052655	0.058103	0.063209	0.066866	0.070087
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.020662	0.028586	0.034854	0.040539	0.046083	0.051587	0.057009	0.062111	0.065918	0.069314

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	22.043764	27.555973	31.819679	35.294125	38.071236	40.620586	42.901554	44.722126	46.287476	47.635201

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.019315	0.023937	0.028378	0.032760	0.037085	0.041620	0.046375	0.050629	0.053710	0.056718
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.020030	0.025148	0.029638	0.033995	0.038270	0.042763	0.046772	0.050321	0.053456	0.056923

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	3.901636	7.558297	11.118432	14.84622	18.859598	23.19211	27.86244	32.827991