Open challenger datasets

import oceanbench

oceanbench.__version__

'0.2.1'

Insert here the code that opens the challenger dataset as challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Mercator Ocean International <https://www.mercator-ocean.eu/>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: EUPL-1.2

# Open GLONET 1 degree interpolated challenger forecasts with xarray
import xarray
import oceanbench

challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset = oceanbench.datasets.challenger.glonet_1_degree()

challenger_dataset

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 21GB
Dimensions:                          (first_day_datetime: 52,
                                      lead_day_index: 10, depth: 21,
                                      latitude: 168, longitude: 360)
Coordinates:
  * depth                            (depth) float32 84B 0.494 ... 5.275e+03
  * lead_day_index                   (lead_day_index) int64 80B 0 1 2 ... 7 8 9
  * first_day_datetime               (first_day_datetime) datetime64[us] 416B ...
  * latitude                         (latitude) float64 1kB -77.5 -76.5 ... 89.5
  * longitude                        (longitude) float64 3kB -179.5 ... 179.5
Data variables:
    sea_water_salinity               (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float64 5GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 1, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    sea_water_potential_temperature  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float64 5GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 1, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    eastward_sea_water_velocity      (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float64 5GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 1, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    northward_sea_water_velocity     (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float64 5GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 1, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    sea_surface_height_above_geoid   (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude) float64 252MB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes:
    Conventions:                   CF-1.8
    area:                          Global
    challenger:                    glonet
    contact:                       glonet@mercator-ocean.eu
    forecast_reference_time:       2024-01-02
    institution:                   Mercator Ocean International
    references:                    www.edito.eu
    source:                        MOI GLONET
    title:                         Daily mean fields from GLONET 1/4 degree r...
    oceanbench_source_kind:        challenger
    oceanbench_source_name:        glonet
    oceanbench_source_resolution:  one_degree

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • first_day_datetime: 52
  • lead_day_index: 10
  • depth: 21
  • latitude: 168
  • longitude: 360
• Coordinates: (5)
  • depth
    (depth)
    float32
    0.494 47.37 ... 4.833e+03 5.275e+03

    axis :

    Z

    long_name :

    Depth

    positive :

    down

    standard_name :

    depth

    units :

    m

    valid_max :

    5727.917

    valid_min :

    0.494025

    array([4.940250e-01, 4.737369e+01, 9.232607e+01, 1.558507e+02, 2.224752e+02,
           3.181274e+02, 3.802130e+02, 4.539377e+02, 5.410889e+02, 6.435668e+02,
           7.633331e+02, 9.023393e+02, 1.245291e+03, 1.684284e+03, 2.225078e+03,
           3.220820e+03, 3.597032e+03, 3.992484e+03, 4.405224e+03, 4.833291e+03,
           5.274784e+03], dtype=float32)

  • lead_day_index
    (lead_day_index)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

  • first_day_datetime
    (first_day_datetime)
    datetime64[us]
    2024-01-03 ... 2024-12-25

    array(['2024-01-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-06T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-13T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-20T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-27T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-03T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-10T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-17T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-24T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-01T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-08T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-15T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-22T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-29T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-05T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-12T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-19T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-26T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-04T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-11T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-18T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-25T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-02T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-09T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-16T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-23T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-30T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-06T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-13T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-20T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-27T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-04T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-11T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-18T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-25T00:00:00.000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[us]')

  • latitude
    (latitude)
    float64
    -77.5 -76.5 -75.5 ... 88.5 89.5

    axis :

    Y

    long_name :

    Latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    units :

    degrees_north

    valid_max :

    89.75

    valid_min :

    -78.0

    array([-77.5, -76.5, -75.5, -74.5, -73.5, -72.5, -71.5, -70.5, -69.5, -68.5,
           -67.5, -66.5, -65.5, -64.5, -63.5, -62.5, -61.5, -60.5, -59.5, -58.5,
           -57.5, -56.5, -55.5, -54.5, -53.5, -52.5, -51.5, -50.5, -49.5, -48.5,
           -47.5, -46.5, -45.5, -44.5, -43.5, -42.5, -41.5, -40.5, -39.5, -38.5,
           -37.5, -36.5, -35.5, -34.5, -33.5, -32.5, -31.5, -30.5, -29.5, -28.5,
           -27.5, -26.5, -25.5, -24.5, -23.5, -22.5, -21.5, -20.5, -19.5, -18.5,
           -17.5, -16.5, -15.5, -14.5, -13.5, -12.5, -11.5, -10.5,  -9.5,  -8.5,
            -7.5,  -6.5,  -5.5,  -4.5,  -3.5,  -2.5,  -1.5,  -0.5,   0.5,   1.5,
             2.5,   3.5,   4.5,   5.5,   6.5,   7.5,   8.5,   9.5,  10.5,  11.5,
            12.5,  13.5,  14.5,  15.5,  16.5,  17.5,  18.5,  19.5,  20.5,  21.5,
            22.5,  23.5,  24.5,  25.5,  26.5,  27.5,  28.5,  29.5,  30.5,  31.5,
            32.5,  33.5,  34.5,  35.5,  36.5,  37.5,  38.5,  39.5,  40.5,  41.5,
            42.5,  43.5,  44.5,  45.5,  46.5,  47.5,  48.5,  49.5,  50.5,  51.5,
            52.5,  53.5,  54.5,  55.5,  56.5,  57.5,  58.5,  59.5,  60.5,  61.5,
            62.5,  63.5,  64.5,  65.5,  66.5,  67.5,  68.5,  69.5,  70.5,  71.5,
            72.5,  73.5,  74.5,  75.5,  76.5,  77.5,  78.5,  79.5,  80.5,  81.5,
            82.5,  83.5,  84.5,  85.5,  86.5,  87.5,  88.5,  89.5])

  • longitude
    (longitude)
    float64
    -179.5 -178.5 ... 178.5 179.5

    axis :

    X

    long_name :

    Longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    units :

    degrees_east

    valid_max :

    179.75

    valid_min :

    -180.0

    array([-179.5, -178.5, -177.5, ...,  177.5,  178.5,  179.5], shape=(360,))

• Data variables: (5)
  • sea_water_salinity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 1, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Salinity

    standard_name :

    sea_water_salinity

    units :

    1e-3

    valid_max :

    50.0

    valid_min :

    0.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 4.92 GiB 0.92 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 168, 360) (1, 2, 1, 168, 360) Dask graph 5460 chunks in 174 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • sea_water_potential_temperature
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 1, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Temperature

    standard_name :

    sea_water_potential_temperature

    units :

    degrees_C

    valid_max :

    40.0

    valid_min :

    -10.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 4.92 GiB 0.92 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 168, 360) (1, 2, 1, 168, 360) Dask graph 5460 chunks in 174 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • eastward_sea_water_velocity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 1, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Eastward velocity

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 4.92 GiB 0.92 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 168, 360) (1, 2, 1, 168, 360) Dask graph 5460 chunks in 174 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • northward_sea_water_velocity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 1, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Northward velocity

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 4.92 GiB 0.92 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 168, 360) (1, 2, 1, 168, 360) Dask graph 5460 chunks in 174 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • sea_surface_height_above_geoid
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Sea surface height

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    units :

    m

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 239.94 MiB 0.92 MiB Shape (52, 10, 168, 360) (1, 2, 168, 360) Dask graph 260 chunks in 174 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

• Indexes: (5)
  • depth
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0.49402499198913574,   47.37369155883789,    92.3260726928711,
            155.85069274902344,  222.47520446777344,   318.1274108886719,
             380.2130126953125,   453.9377136230469,   541.0889282226562,
             643.5667724609375,   763.3331298828125,   902.3392944335938,
                1245.291015625,  1684.2840576171875,   2225.077880859375,
             3220.820068359375,   3597.031982421875,    3992.48388671875,
              4405.22412109375,      4833.291015625,     5274.7841796875],
          dtype='float32', name='depth'))

  • lead_day_index
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], dtype='int64', name='lead_day_index'))

  • first_day_datetime
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2024-01-03', '2024-01-10', '2024-01-17', '2024-01-24',
                   '2024-01-31', '2024-02-07', '2024-02-14', '2024-02-21',
                   '2024-02-28', '2024-03-06', '2024-03-13', '2024-03-20',
                   '2024-03-27', '2024-04-03', '2024-04-10', '2024-04-17',
                   '2024-04-24', '2024-05-01', '2024-05-08', '2024-05-15',
                   '2024-05-22', '2024-05-29', '2024-06-05', '2024-06-12',
                   '2024-06-19', '2024-06-26', '2024-07-03', '2024-07-10',
                   '2024-07-17', '2024-07-24', '2024-07-31', '2024-08-07',
                   '2024-08-14', '2024-08-21', '2024-08-28', '2024-09-04',
                   '2024-09-11', '2024-09-18', '2024-09-25', '2024-10-02',
                   '2024-10-09', '2024-10-16', '2024-10-23', '2024-10-30',
                   '2024-11-06', '2024-11-13', '2024-11-20', '2024-11-27',
                   '2024-12-04', '2024-12-11', '2024-12-18', '2024-12-25'],
                  dtype='datetime64[us]', name='first_day_datetime', freq=None))

  • latitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([-77.5, -76.5, -75.5, -74.5, -73.5, -72.5, -71.5, -70.5, -69.5, -68.5,
           ...
            80.5,  81.5,  82.5,  83.5,  84.5,  85.5,  86.5,  87.5,  88.5,  89.5],
          dtype='float64', name='latitude', length=168))

  • longitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([-179.5, -178.5, -177.5, -176.5, -175.5, -174.5, -173.5, -172.5, -171.5,
           -170.5,
           ...
            170.5,  171.5,  172.5,  173.5,  174.5,  175.5,  176.5,  177.5,  178.5,
            179.5],
          dtype='float64', name='longitude', length=360))

• Attributes: (12)

  Conventions :

  CF-1.8

  area :

  Global

  challenger :

  glonet

  contact :

  glonet@mercator-ocean.eu

  forecast_reference_time :

  2024-01-02

  institution :

  Mercator Ocean International

  references :

  www.edito.eu

  source :

  MOI GLONET

  title :

  Daily mean fields from GLONET 1/4 degree resolution forecast

  oceanbench_source_kind :

  challenger

  oceanbench_source_name :

  glonet

  oceanbench_source_resolution :

  one_degree

Evaluation configuration

region = 'global'

Evaluation of challenger dataset using OceanBench

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.076383	0.077853	0.078448	0.080552	0.082583	0.084769	0.086501	0.089171	0.090953	0.093449
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.667101	0.668549	0.679873	0.683120	0.726461	0.734631	0.788263	0.799615	0.850748	0.862853
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.683285	0.682696	0.682930	0.681762	0.680704	0.680716	0.681798	0.679165	0.681519	0.677348
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.116825	0.119038	0.122626	0.124014	0.127324	0.128194	0.131883	0.133255	0.136528	0.137157
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.118691	0.121431	0.125178	0.126859	0.130645	0.131973	0.135821	0.137490	0.141059	0.142020
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.936777	0.940211	0.962375	0.968266	1.010622	1.022364	1.071035	1.088705	1.136119	1.157574
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.353553	0.354486	0.358013	0.360242	0.361402	0.364357	0.366140	0.369613	0.372009	0.375801
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.108925	0.109028	0.109146	0.110238	0.111809	0.113434	0.115882	0.117968	0.119970	0.121344
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.110253	0.110264	0.110245	0.111219	0.112837	0.114445	0.117127	0.119528	0.121972	0.123740
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.997591	1.004408	1.018442	1.028651	1.053890	1.068456	1.100152	1.118357	1.150514	1.169714
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.244478	0.244939	0.247807	0.248806	0.251525	0.252897	0.256366	0.258082	0.261954	0.263670
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.106035	0.105995	0.105503	0.106410	0.107367	0.108842	0.110687	0.112687	0.114210	0.115495
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.110559	0.110495	0.110187	0.110905	0.111982	0.113299	0.115254	0.117326	0.119192	0.120733
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.867303	0.869182	0.886330	0.889833	0.900794	0.908369	0.919155	0.930119	0.939068	0.950619
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.158778	0.159090	0.158997	0.159555	0.160012	0.160928	0.161794	0.162851	0.163752	0.164681
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.102898	0.102799	0.101652	0.102105	0.102387	0.103117	0.104124	0.105206	0.106010	0.106611
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.108368	0.108241	0.107194	0.107401	0.107609	0.108212	0.109055	0.109954	0.110636	0.111169
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.734886	0.734743	0.743814	0.745386	0.746113	0.751299	0.753340	0.761742	0.764577	0.772006
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.123089	0.123197	0.123230	0.123544	0.123641	0.124334	0.124643	0.125645	0.125988	0.126801
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.100240	0.100191	0.098923	0.099246	0.099355	0.099897	0.100703	0.101540	0.102164	0.102549
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.104245	0.104110	0.102849	0.102914	0.102980	0.103388	0.104091	0.104705	0.105302	0.105650
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.546897	0.549412	0.539152	0.543181	0.543392	0.548678	0.554698	0.560732	0.567987	0.571806
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.090191	0.090297	0.089838	0.090186	0.090410	0.090926	0.091609	0.092253	0.093027	0.093519
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.091602	0.091488	0.090173	0.090249	0.090186	0.090399	0.090920	0.091323	0.091765	0.091892
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.095071	0.094946	0.093425	0.093418	0.093233	0.093544	0.093933	0.094384	0.094748	0.095020

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	53.953938	53.736954	55.415466	55.245598	57.609268	57.548038	59.816765	59.881706	61.795486	61.666874

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.057848	0.059783	0.063719	0.067363	0.070253	0.075509	0.077410	0.083921	0.084224	0.091607
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.054524	0.057537	0.061767	0.064384	0.068949	0.072064	0.076334	0.080015	0.083922	0.087780

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to observations

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_observations(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.811346	0.830110	0.826841	0.837411	0.882445	0.913977	0.949382	0.945993	1.008518	0.972169
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{0-5m}	0.877162	0.889708	0.926167	0.944747	0.962168	0.978418	1.021858	0.991756	1.051935	1.067942
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{5-100m}	1.084251	1.082894	1.075056	1.094895	1.113797	1.114711	1.157155	1.174979	1.193998	1.211045
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100-300m}	0.894107	0.898631	0.897880	0.904124	0.921457	0.914492	0.941444	0.941706	0.960970	0.973153
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300-600m}	0.588508	0.597523	0.579090	0.588519	0.595639	0.596849	0.609188	0.615006	0.615886	0.633298
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{0-5m}	0.233674	0.238947	0.241940	0.252711	0.247714	0.255593	0.243460	0.253744	0.267283	0.275530
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{5-100m}	0.197028	0.198318	0.203119	0.196276	0.204925	0.203664	0.209363	0.207625	0.215144	0.221865
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100-300m}	0.131594	0.132458	0.132364	0.130791	0.133429	0.131632	0.138650	0.135534	0.139243	0.144919
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300-600m}	0.080446	0.081080	0.079991	0.081290	0.081826	0.082612	0.084682	0.085860	0.086813	0.089920
Sea level anomaly (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.110220	0.110502	0.110481	0.110549	0.111073	0.110855	0.111400	0.111041	0.111786	0.111690
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.208120	0.208548	0.212100	0.213461	0.212151	0.213174	0.215845	0.216914	0.216545	0.218283
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.187931	0.189582	0.191980	0.194673	0.194570	0.195584	0.196716	0.198455	0.198481	0.198798

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	9.454737	17.556316	24.870871	31.698708	38.259243	44.630203	50.899471	57.101383

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.030715	0.035676	0.038903	0.043536	0.048497	0.052416	0.056332	0.060570	0.063467	0.066510
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.451788	0.453248	0.511295	0.518030	0.597930	0.611273	0.688694	0.705246	0.770180	0.784174
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.176275	0.184838	0.227710	0.235734	0.269069	0.275024	0.306102	0.313116	0.341066	0.344687
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.047257	0.064077	0.077491	0.087252	0.097774	0.105138	0.114705	0.121087	0.127477	0.130902
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.046887	0.065382	0.078638	0.088928	0.099734	0.107785	0.116972	0.123832	0.130804	0.134695
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.713735	0.716981	0.768825	0.779815	0.848863	0.869154	0.941194	0.967079	1.030673	1.056707
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.104001	0.105230	0.134057	0.135381	0.157104	0.159123	0.177618	0.179666	0.195608	0.196786
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.040116	0.048799	0.057729	0.065011	0.073113	0.080356	0.088655	0.095696	0.101246	0.105536
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.040687	0.049833	0.058882	0.066395	0.074639	0.082476	0.091117	0.098623	0.104950	0.109765
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.524678	0.536963	0.599963	0.622277	0.699538	0.729859	0.805457	0.839925	0.901816	0.930441
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.081816	0.082791	0.102548	0.104148	0.119665	0.121832	0.135285	0.137590	0.148629	0.149964
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.035523	0.042604	0.050639	0.057536	0.065337	0.072766	0.080678	0.087657	0.093008	0.097404
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.036244	0.043757	0.052073	0.059089	0.066926	0.074591	0.082650	0.090027	0.095945	0.100857
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.405243	0.409145	0.472297	0.483731	0.528373	0.549356	0.591314	0.617114	0.648034	0.668788
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.058655	0.059165	0.074365	0.075689	0.086872	0.089056	0.098323	0.100796	0.107738	0.109395
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.028696	0.034142	0.041005	0.047129	0.054005	0.060781	0.067864	0.074287	0.079144	0.083171
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.028222	0.033623	0.040853	0.046841	0.053789	0.060511	0.067595	0.073837	0.078897	0.083135
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.347740	0.349142	0.405173	0.413574	0.447506	0.465426	0.498325	0.520967	0.545814	0.562229
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.050950	0.051437	0.063191	0.064646	0.072235	0.074724	0.080926	0.083841	0.088372	0.090498
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.026507	0.031422	0.037871	0.043696	0.050159	0.056596	0.063204	0.069365	0.073949	0.077869
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.026055	0.030777	0.037483	0.043175	0.049557	0.055907	0.062450	0.068416	0.073094	0.077137
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.215403	0.220258	0.266673	0.276238	0.317151	0.331156	0.369566	0.385340	0.415167	0.425091
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.037086	0.037330	0.046733	0.047611	0.054571	0.055909	0.061600	0.063192	0.067468	0.068506
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.023351	0.027568	0.033462	0.038599	0.044279	0.049816	0.055510	0.060811	0.064905	0.068337
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.022766	0.026947	0.033031	0.037991	0.043506	0.048949	0.054469	0.059630	0.063667	0.067224

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	47.56992	47.249783	50.102726	50.015968	53.203011	53.278934	56.060257	56.118286	58.209042	58.199039

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.034618	0.039610	0.046180	0.052075	0.057308	0.065025	0.068586	0.077396	0.078482	0.087085
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.035997	0.042946	0.048694	0.052976	0.059464	0.064422	0.070357	0.075281	0.079935	0.084267

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	4.27247	8.904641	13.600448	18.413759	23.43911	28.677254	34.167664	39.84124