Open challenger datasets

import oceanbench

oceanbench.__version__

'0.2.1'

Insert here the code that opens the challenger dataset as challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Mercator Ocean International <https://www.mercator-ocean.eu/>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: EUPL-1.2

# Open GLONET forecasts with xarray
import xarray
import oceanbench

challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset = oceanbench.datasets.challenger.glonet()

challenger_dataset

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 342GB
Dimensions:             (first_day_datetime: 52, lead_day_index: 10, depth: 21,
                         latitude: 672, longitude: 1440)
Coordinates:
  * depth               (depth) float32 84B 0.494 47.37 ... 4.833e+03 5.275e+03
  * latitude            (latitude) float64 5kB -78.0 -77.75 -77.5 ... 89.5 89.75
  * lead_day_index      (lead_day_index) int64 80B 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  * longitude           (longitude) float64 12kB -180.0 -179.8 ... 179.5 179.8
  * first_day_datetime  (first_day_datetime) datetime64[us] 416B 2024-01-03 ....
Data variables:
    so                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float64 85GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 3, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    thetao              (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float64 85GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 3, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    uo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float64 85GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 3, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    vo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float64 85GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 3, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    zos                 (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude) float64 4GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes:
    Conventions:              CF-1.8
    area:                     Global
    challenger:               glonet
    contact:                  glonet@mercator-ocean.eu
    forecast_reference_time:  2024-01-02
    institution:              Mercator Ocean International
    references:               www.edito.eu
    source:                   MOI GLONET
    title:                    Daily mean fields from GLONET 1/4 degree resolu...
    oceanbench_source_kind:   challenger
    oceanbench_source_name:   glonet

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • first_day_datetime: 52
  • lead_day_index: 10
  • depth: 21
  • latitude: 672
  • longitude: 1440
• Coordinates: (5)
  • depth
    (depth)
    float32
    0.494 47.37 ... 4.833e+03 5.275e+03

    axis :

    Z

    long_name :

    Depth

    positive :

    down

    standard_name :

    depth

    units :

    m

    valid_max :

    5727.917

    valid_min :

    0.494025

    array([4.940250e-01, 4.737369e+01, 9.232607e+01, 1.558507e+02, 2.224752e+02,
           3.181274e+02, 3.802130e+02, 4.539377e+02, 5.410889e+02, 6.435668e+02,
           7.633331e+02, 9.023393e+02, 1.245291e+03, 1.684284e+03, 2.225078e+03,
           3.220820e+03, 3.597032e+03, 3.992484e+03, 4.405224e+03, 4.833291e+03,
           5.274784e+03], dtype=float32)

  • latitude
    (latitude)
    float64
    -78.0 -77.75 -77.5 ... 89.5 89.75

    axis :

    Y

    long_name :

    Latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    units :

    degrees_north

    valid_max :

    89.75

    valid_min :

    -78.0

    array([-78.  , -77.75, -77.5 , ...,  89.25,  89.5 ,  89.75], shape=(672,))

  • lead_day_index
    (lead_day_index)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

  • longitude
    (longitude)
    float64
    -180.0 -179.8 ... 179.5 179.8

    axis :

    X

    long_name :

    Longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    units :

    degrees_east

    valid_max :

    179.75

    valid_min :

    -180.0

    array([-180.  , -179.75, -179.5 , ...,  179.25,  179.5 ,  179.75],
          shape=(1440,))

  • first_day_datetime
    (first_day_datetime)
    datetime64[us]
    2024-01-03 ... 2024-12-25

    array(['2024-01-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-06T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-13T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-20T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-27T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-03T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-10T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-17T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-24T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-01T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-08T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-15T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-22T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-29T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-05T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-12T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-19T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-26T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-04T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-11T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-18T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-25T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-02T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-09T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-16T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-23T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-30T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-06T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-13T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-20T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-27T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-04T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-11T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-18T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-25T00:00:00.000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[us]')

• Data variables: (5)
  • so
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 3, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Salinity

    standard_name :

    sea_water_salinity

    units :

    1e-3

    valid_max :

    50.0

    valid_min :

    0.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 78.73 GiB 2.77 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 672, 1440) (1, 2, 3, 168, 360) Dask graph 29120 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • thetao
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 3, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Temperature

    standard_name :

    sea_water_potential_temperature

    units :

    degrees_C

    valid_max :

    40.0

    valid_min :

    -10.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 78.73 GiB 2.77 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 672, 1440) (1, 2, 3, 168, 360) Dask graph 29120 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • uo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 3, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Eastward velocity

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 78.73 GiB 2.77 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 672, 1440) (1, 2, 3, 168, 360) Dask graph 29120 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • vo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 3, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Northward velocity

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 78.73 GiB 2.77 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 672, 1440) (1, 2, 3, 168, 360) Dask graph 29120 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • zos
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 2, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Sea surface height

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    units :

    m

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 3.75 GiB 0.92 MiB Shape (52, 10, 672, 1440) (1, 2, 168, 360) Dask graph 4160 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

• Indexes: (5)
  • depth
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0.49402499198913574,   47.37369155883789,    92.3260726928711,
            155.85069274902344,  222.47520446777344,   318.1274108886719,
             380.2130126953125,   453.9377136230469,   541.0889282226562,
             643.5667724609375,   763.3331298828125,   902.3392944335938,
                1245.291015625,  1684.2840576171875,   2225.077880859375,
             3220.820068359375,   3597.031982421875,    3992.48388671875,
              4405.22412109375,      4833.291015625,     5274.7841796875],
          dtype='float32', name='depth'))

  • latitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([ -78.0, -77.75,  -77.5, -77.25,  -77.0, -76.75,  -76.5, -76.25,  -76.0,
           -75.75,
           ...
             87.5,  87.75,   88.0,  88.25,   88.5,  88.75,   89.0,  89.25,   89.5,
            89.75],
          dtype='float64', name='latitude', length=672))

  • lead_day_index
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], dtype='int64', name='lead_day_index'))

  • longitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([ -180.0, -179.75,  -179.5, -179.25,  -179.0, -178.75,  -178.5, -178.25,
            -178.0, -177.75,
           ...
             177.5,  177.75,   178.0,  178.25,   178.5,  178.75,   179.0,  179.25,
             179.5,  179.75],
          dtype='float64', name='longitude', length=1440))

  • first_day_datetime
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2024-01-03', '2024-01-10', '2024-01-17', '2024-01-24',
                   '2024-01-31', '2024-02-07', '2024-02-14', '2024-02-21',
                   '2024-02-28', '2024-03-06', '2024-03-13', '2024-03-20',
                   '2024-03-27', '2024-04-03', '2024-04-10', '2024-04-17',
                   '2024-04-24', '2024-05-01', '2024-05-08', '2024-05-15',
                   '2024-05-22', '2024-05-29', '2024-06-05', '2024-06-12',
                   '2024-06-19', '2024-06-26', '2024-07-03', '2024-07-10',
                   '2024-07-17', '2024-07-24', '2024-07-31', '2024-08-07',
                   '2024-08-14', '2024-08-21', '2024-08-28', '2024-09-04',
                   '2024-09-11', '2024-09-18', '2024-09-25', '2024-10-02',
                   '2024-10-09', '2024-10-16', '2024-10-23', '2024-10-30',
                   '2024-11-06', '2024-11-13', '2024-11-20', '2024-11-27',
                   '2024-12-04', '2024-12-11', '2024-12-18', '2024-12-25'],
                  dtype='datetime64[us]', name='first_day_datetime', freq=None))

• Attributes: (11)

  Conventions :

  CF-1.8

  area :

  Global

  challenger :

  glonet

  contact :

  glonet@mercator-ocean.eu

  forecast_reference_time :

  2024-01-02

  institution :

  Mercator Ocean International

  references :

  www.edito.eu

  source :

  MOI GLONET

  title :

  Daily mean fields from GLONET 1/4 degree resolution forecast

  oceanbench_source_kind :

  challenger

  oceanbench_source_name :

  glonet

Evaluation configuration

region = 'global'

Evaluation of challenger dataset using OceanBench

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.076889	0.078471	0.079384	0.081532	0.083845	0.086068	0.087984	0.090631	0.092595	0.095073
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.675920	0.677970	0.696615	0.699999	0.751295	0.759898	0.820877	0.832373	0.891027	0.903165
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.772870	0.770001	0.769867	0.766420	0.766179	0.761671	0.765031	0.757493	0.762963	0.753860
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.116702	0.118981	0.122532	0.123861	0.127131	0.127978	0.131671	0.133010	0.136160	0.136764
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.118688	0.121368	0.125064	0.126746	0.130632	0.131896	0.135719	0.137288	0.140891	0.141838
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.956840	0.960279	0.992447	0.999059	1.044870	1.057676	1.105774	1.124932	1.170151	1.193444
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.356283	0.357247	0.362197	0.364495	0.367097	0.370160	0.372724	0.376379	0.379136	0.383246
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.108644	0.108810	0.108869	0.109954	0.111511	0.113148	0.115622	0.117675	0.119640	0.120962
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.109959	0.109887	0.109814	0.110796	0.112408	0.113986	0.116573	0.118826	0.121203	0.122953
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	1.008087	1.013990	1.033728	1.043449	1.071690	1.085619	1.119368	1.137400	1.171045	1.190624
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.246615	0.247153	0.250639	0.251637	0.255318	0.256578	0.261135	0.262635	0.267575	0.269060
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.105837	0.105791	0.105257	0.106115	0.107117	0.108580	0.110456	0.112392	0.113859	0.115129
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.110273	0.110157	0.109744	0.110435	0.111475	0.112749	0.114697	0.116618	0.118470	0.119927
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.871246	0.873463	0.891093	0.895323	0.906905	0.915528	0.926729	0.939249	0.948610	0.961690
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.159664	0.159898	0.160397	0.160845	0.161859	0.162590	0.163961	0.164864	0.166283	0.167043
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.102615	0.102511	0.101298	0.101692	0.101944	0.102711	0.103684	0.104788	0.105520	0.106165
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.108068	0.107922	0.106800	0.106997	0.107173	0.107744	0.108598	0.109424	0.110132	0.110582
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.740846	0.740663	0.751862	0.753339	0.756121	0.761357	0.765381	0.773806	0.778301	0.786085
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.124829	0.124900	0.125612	0.125888	0.126537	0.127155	0.127982	0.128866	0.129699	0.130475
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.100029	0.099979	0.098648	0.098895	0.099003	0.099587	0.100390	0.101198	0.101800	0.102193
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.103947	0.103835	0.102539	0.102629	0.102660	0.103021	0.103716	0.104301	0.104927	0.105221
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.550433	0.552884	0.544258	0.548021	0.549815	0.554823	0.561957	0.567776	0.576322	0.580453
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.091914	0.092015	0.092263	0.092513	0.093398	0.093826	0.095048	0.095590	0.096888	0.097323
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.091586	0.091475	0.090090	0.090124	0.090027	0.090276	0.090753	0.091175	0.091581	0.091734
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.094904	0.094816	0.093287	0.093327	0.093125	0.093409	0.093788	0.094216	0.094617	0.094851

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	48.165707	48.073425	50.614231	50.708706	53.384506	53.680222	55.990391	56.318123	58.114971	58.337704

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.180309	0.182714	0.226368	0.233367	0.262595	0.273137	0.293950	0.307538	0.323086	0.340068
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.158055	0.165373	0.190547	0.201469	0.220168	0.234802	0.248998	0.266796	0.277553	0.298231

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to observations

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_observations(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.808253	0.824069	0.837436	0.850119	0.908797	0.941294	0.976050	0.981811	1.040596	1.013884
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{0-5m}	0.856126	0.870682	0.914022	0.938668	0.977530	0.983342	1.046021	1.025651	1.091355	1.093744
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{5-100m}	1.091696	1.113301	1.117555	1.132401	1.179397	1.166708	1.220244	1.242840	1.285039	1.303960
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100-300m}	0.865505	0.887553	0.880395	0.892887	0.925369	0.919773	0.955043	0.953767	0.997615	1.014590
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300-600m}	0.564704	0.578103	0.559260	0.565355	0.579241	0.590912	0.604182	0.610929	0.625625	0.648769
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{0-5m}	0.248430	0.257415	0.257004	0.294639	0.265190	0.275910	0.265216	0.265684	0.291049	0.299777
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{5-100m}	0.204655	0.208698	0.217465	0.213396	0.229926	0.229233	0.226955	0.221908	0.242967	0.251300
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100-300m}	0.134365	0.136917	0.135646	0.135372	0.140263	0.137771	0.146974	0.142424	0.151657	0.158844
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300-600m}	0.082614	0.083140	0.082708	0.082951	0.085074	0.087133	0.089606	0.090940	0.094663	0.099950
Sea level anomaly (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.108865	0.109352	0.109502	0.109783	0.110408	0.110481	0.111188	0.111131	0.111937	0.112160
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.204231	0.205526	0.209501	0.211213	0.210175	0.211464	0.215207	0.216581	0.217002	0.219039
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.187096	0.189003	0.191917	0.194818	0.196092	0.197637	0.198850	0.200580	0.201103	0.201764

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	9.73599	18.954012	27.824398	36.364414	44.657005	52.732742	60.636002	68.371025

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.031749	0.036887	0.040451	0.045101	0.050228	0.054126	0.058015	0.062165	0.065108	0.068136
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.458681	0.461771	0.527145	0.534983	0.621799	0.636152	0.719968	0.737058	0.808132	0.822819
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.188636	0.197833	0.244304	0.253848	0.291106	0.299777	0.334014	0.344185	0.374025	0.380340
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.047498	0.064489	0.077851	0.087546	0.098031	0.105310	0.114725	0.121078	0.127407	0.130810
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.047198	0.065812	0.079120	0.089389	0.100344	0.108111	0.117360	0.124003	0.130878	0.134652
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.741246	0.743632	0.809547	0.820444	0.892971	0.913585	0.985103	1.011789	1.072209	1.098759
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.114014	0.115067	0.150007	0.151279	0.177007	0.178701	0.199625	0.201353	0.219042	0.219869
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.040464	0.049173	0.058161	0.065412	0.073446	0.080760	0.088930	0.095869	0.101350	0.105690
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.041075	0.050204	0.059383	0.066875	0.075017	0.082634	0.091136	0.098550	0.104708	0.109529
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.545940	0.557334	0.629656	0.650207	0.729681	0.758886	0.835577	0.868859	0.931560	0.959717
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.088947	0.089497	0.111323	0.112359	0.130038	0.131613	0.147099	0.148773	0.161639	0.162301
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.035957	0.042996	0.051082	0.057982	0.065699	0.073128	0.081011	0.087894	0.093106	0.097493
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.036517	0.044027	0.052387	0.059442	0.067166	0.074675	0.082657	0.089915	0.095731	0.100576
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.416278	0.420166	0.485267	0.496725	0.543426	0.564307	0.607790	0.633588	0.665937	0.686415
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.060513	0.060914	0.077039	0.078281	0.090117	0.092239	0.101882	0.104338	0.111585	0.113167
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.028985	0.034313	0.041254	0.047364	0.054169	0.060923	0.067965	0.074299	0.079014	0.083030
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.028481	0.033880	0.041124	0.047109	0.053990	0.060541	0.067547	0.073729	0.078709	0.082861
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.360104	0.361662	0.421510	0.429951	0.466955	0.484149	0.518458	0.540261	0.566197	0.582153
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.053732	0.054156	0.066882	0.068258	0.076639	0.078971	0.085641	0.088357	0.093265	0.095215
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.026747	0.031559	0.038071	0.043892	0.050316	0.056749	0.063330	0.069364	0.073825	0.077717
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.026288	0.030985	0.037744	0.043357	0.049732	0.055935	0.062440	0.068307	0.072952	0.076926
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.223665	0.227619	0.275765	0.284674	0.326733	0.340468	0.379618	0.395067	0.425197	0.434852
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.040110	0.040312	0.050654	0.051334	0.059002	0.060194	0.066419	0.067825	0.072583	0.073487
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.023528	0.027701	0.033670	0.038797	0.044427	0.049977	0.055656	0.060867	0.064840	0.068304
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.022929	0.027079	0.033200	0.038151	0.043672	0.049016	0.054535	0.059599	0.063631	0.067155

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	42.148132	42.051956	45.99794	46.121136	49.816147	50.103794	53.112511	53.283627	55.572311	55.670025

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.154115	0.159511	0.209411	0.218450	0.251151	0.263879	0.287025	0.302539	0.319334	0.337315
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.130405	0.143952	0.173745	0.187343	0.209374	0.226634	0.243494	0.262803	0.274906	0.296571

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	4.279202	9.188971	14.480201	20.185179	26.350943	32.920654	39.871208	47.093792