Open challenger datasets

import oceanbench

oceanbench.__version__

'0.2.1'

Insert here the code that opens the challenger dataset as challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Mercator Ocean International <https://www.mercator-ocean.eu/>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: EUPL-1.2

# Open GLO12 1 degree base challenger forecasts with xarray
import xarray
import oceanbench

challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset = oceanbench.datasets.challenger.glo12_1_degree()

challenger_dataset

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 26GB
Dimensions:                          (first_day_datetime: 52,
                                      lead_day_index: 10, depth: 50,
                                      latitude: 170, longitude: 360)
Coordinates:
  * depth                            (depth) float32 200B 0.494 ... 5.728e+03
  * lead_day_index                   (lead_day_index) int64 80B 0 1 2 ... 7 8 9
  * first_day_datetime               (first_day_datetime) datetime64[us] 416B ...
  * latitude                         (latitude) float64 1kB -79.5 -78.5 ... 89.5
  * longitude                        (longitude) float64 3kB -179.5 ... 179.5
Data variables:
    sea_water_salinity               (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 6GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    sea_water_potential_temperature  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 6GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    eastward_sea_water_velocity      (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 6GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    northward_sea_water_velocity     (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 6GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    sea_surface_height_above_geoid   (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude) float32 127MB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes:
    oceanbench_source_kind:        challenger
    oceanbench_source_name:        glo12
    oceanbench_source_resolution:  one_degree

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • first_day_datetime: 52
  • lead_day_index: 10
  • depth: 50
  • latitude: 170
  • longitude: 360
• Coordinates: (5)
  • depth
    (depth)
    float32
    0.494 1.541 ... 5.275e+03 5.728e+03

    axis :

    Z

    long_name :

    Depth

    positive :

    down

    standard_name :

    depth

    unit_long :

    Meters

    units :

    m

    valid_max :

    5727.9169921875

    valid_min :

    0.49402499198913574

    array([4.940250e-01, 1.541375e+00, 2.645669e+00, 3.819495e+00, 5.078224e+00,
           6.440614e+00, 7.929560e+00, 9.572997e+00, 1.140500e+01, 1.346714e+01,
           1.581007e+01, 1.849556e+01, 2.159882e+01, 2.521141e+01, 2.944473e+01,
           3.443415e+01, 4.034405e+01, 4.737369e+01, 5.576429e+01, 6.580727e+01,
           7.785385e+01, 9.232607e+01, 1.097293e+02, 1.306660e+02, 1.558507e+02,
           1.861256e+02, 2.224752e+02, 2.660403e+02, 3.181274e+02, 3.802130e+02,
           4.539377e+02, 5.410889e+02, 6.435668e+02, 7.633331e+02, 9.023393e+02,
           1.062440e+03, 1.245291e+03, 1.452251e+03, 1.684284e+03, 1.941893e+03,
           2.225078e+03, 2.533336e+03, 2.865703e+03, 3.220820e+03, 3.597032e+03,
           3.992484e+03, 4.405224e+03, 4.833291e+03, 5.274784e+03, 5.727917e+03],
          dtype=float32)

  • lead_day_index
    (lead_day_index)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

  • first_day_datetime
    (first_day_datetime)
    datetime64[us]
    2024-01-03 ... 2024-12-25

    array(['2024-01-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-06T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-13T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-20T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-27T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-03T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-10T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-17T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-24T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-01T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-08T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-15T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-22T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-29T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-05T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-12T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-19T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-26T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-04T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-11T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-18T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-25T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-02T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-09T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-16T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-23T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-30T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-06T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-13T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-20T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-27T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-04T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-11T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-18T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-25T00:00:00.000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[us]')

  • latitude
    (latitude)
    float64
    -79.5 -78.5 -77.5 ... 88.5 89.5

    axis :

    Y

    long_name :

    Latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    step :

    0.08333587646484375

    unit_long :

    Degrees North

    units :

    degrees_north

    valid_max :

    90.0

    valid_min :

    -80.0

    array([-79.5, -78.5, -77.5, -76.5, -75.5, -74.5, -73.5, -72.5, -71.5, -70.5,
           -69.5, -68.5, -67.5, -66.5, -65.5, -64.5, -63.5, -62.5, -61.5, -60.5,
           -59.5, -58.5, -57.5, -56.5, -55.5, -54.5, -53.5, -52.5, -51.5, -50.5,
           -49.5, -48.5, -47.5, -46.5, -45.5, -44.5, -43.5, -42.5, -41.5, -40.5,
           -39.5, -38.5, -37.5, -36.5, -35.5, -34.5, -33.5, -32.5, -31.5, -30.5,
           -29.5, -28.5, -27.5, -26.5, -25.5, -24.5, -23.5, -22.5, -21.5, -20.5,
           -19.5, -18.5, -17.5, -16.5, -15.5, -14.5, -13.5, -12.5, -11.5, -10.5,
            -9.5,  -8.5,  -7.5,  -6.5,  -5.5,  -4.5,  -3.5,  -2.5,  -1.5,  -0.5,
             0.5,   1.5,   2.5,   3.5,   4.5,   5.5,   6.5,   7.5,   8.5,   9.5,
            10.5,  11.5,  12.5,  13.5,  14.5,  15.5,  16.5,  17.5,  18.5,  19.5,
            20.5,  21.5,  22.5,  23.5,  24.5,  25.5,  26.5,  27.5,  28.5,  29.5,
            30.5,  31.5,  32.5,  33.5,  34.5,  35.5,  36.5,  37.5,  38.5,  39.5,
            40.5,  41.5,  42.5,  43.5,  44.5,  45.5,  46.5,  47.5,  48.5,  49.5,
            50.5,  51.5,  52.5,  53.5,  54.5,  55.5,  56.5,  57.5,  58.5,  59.5,
            60.5,  61.5,  62.5,  63.5,  64.5,  65.5,  66.5,  67.5,  68.5,  69.5,
            70.5,  71.5,  72.5,  73.5,  74.5,  75.5,  76.5,  77.5,  78.5,  79.5,
            80.5,  81.5,  82.5,  83.5,  84.5,  85.5,  86.5,  87.5,  88.5,  89.5])

  • longitude
    (longitude)
    float64
    -179.5 -178.5 ... 178.5 179.5

    axis :

    X

    long_name :

    Longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    step :

    0.0833282470703125

    unit_long :

    Degrees East

    units :

    degrees_east

    valid_max :

    179.91668701171875

    valid_min :

    -180.0

    array([-179.5, -178.5, -177.5, ...,  177.5,  178.5,  179.5], shape=(360,))

• Data variables: (5)
  • sea_water_salinity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Salinity

    standard_name :

    sea_water_salinity

    unit_long :

    Practical Salinity Unit

    units :

    1e-3

    valid_max :

    50.0

    valid_min :

    0.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 5.93 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 26000 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • sea_water_potential_temperature
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Temperature

    standard_name :

    sea_water_potential_temperature

    unit_long :

    Degrees Celsius

    units :

    degrees_C

    valid_max :

    40.0

    valid_min :

    -10.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 5.93 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 26000 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • eastward_sea_water_velocity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Eastward velocity

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    unit_long :

    Meters per second

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 5.93 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 26000 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • northward_sea_water_velocity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Northward velocity

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    unit_long :

    Meters per second

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 5.93 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 26000 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • sea_surface_height_above_geoid
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Sea surface height

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    unit_long :

    Meters

    units :

    m

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 121.40 MiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 170, 360) (1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 520 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

• Indexes: (5)
  • depth
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0.49402499198913574,  1.5413750410079956,  2.6456689834594727,
            3.8194949626922607,   5.078224182128906,   6.440614223480225,
              7.92956018447876,   9.572997093200684,  11.404999732971191,
            13.467140197753906,  15.810070037841797,  18.495559692382812,
            21.598819732666016,  25.211410522460938,  29.444730758666992,
             34.43415069580078,  40.344051361083984,   47.37369155883789,
             55.76428985595703,   65.80726623535156,   77.85385131835938,
              92.3260726928711,  109.72930145263672,  130.66600036621094,
            155.85069274902344,  186.12559509277344,  222.47520446777344,
             266.0403137207031,   318.1274108886719,   380.2130126953125,
             453.9377136230469,   541.0889282226562,   643.5667724609375,
             763.3331298828125,   902.3392944335938,    1062.43994140625,
                1245.291015625,     1452.2509765625,  1684.2840576171875,
            1941.8929443359375,   2225.077880859375,        2533.3359375,
             2865.702880859375,   3220.820068359375,   3597.031982421875,
              3992.48388671875,    4405.22412109375,      4833.291015625,
               5274.7841796875,     5727.9169921875],
          dtype='float32', name='depth'))

  • lead_day_index
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], dtype='int64', name='lead_day_index'))

  • first_day_datetime
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2024-01-03', '2024-01-10', '2024-01-17', '2024-01-24',
                   '2024-01-31', '2024-02-07', '2024-02-14', '2024-02-21',
                   '2024-02-28', '2024-03-06', '2024-03-13', '2024-03-20',
                   '2024-03-27', '2024-04-03', '2024-04-10', '2024-04-17',
                   '2024-04-24', '2024-05-01', '2024-05-08', '2024-05-15',
                   '2024-05-22', '2024-05-29', '2024-06-05', '2024-06-12',
                   '2024-06-19', '2024-06-26', '2024-07-03', '2024-07-10',
                   '2024-07-17', '2024-07-24', '2024-07-31', '2024-08-07',
                   '2024-08-14', '2024-08-21', '2024-08-28', '2024-09-04',
                   '2024-09-11', '2024-09-18', '2024-09-25', '2024-10-02',
                   '2024-10-09', '2024-10-16', '2024-10-23', '2024-10-30',
                   '2024-11-06', '2024-11-13', '2024-11-20', '2024-11-27',
                   '2024-12-04', '2024-12-11', '2024-12-18', '2024-12-25'],
                  dtype='datetime64[us]', name='first_day_datetime', freq=None))

  • latitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([-79.5, -78.5, -77.5, -76.5, -75.5, -74.5, -73.5, -72.5, -71.5, -70.5,
           ...
            80.5,  81.5,  82.5,  83.5,  84.5,  85.5,  86.5,  87.5,  88.5,  89.5],
          dtype='float64', name='latitude', length=170))

  • longitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([-179.5, -178.5, -177.5, -176.5, -175.5, -174.5, -173.5, -172.5, -171.5,
           -170.5,
           ...
            170.5,  171.5,  172.5,  173.5,  174.5,  175.5,  176.5,  177.5,  178.5,
            179.5],
          dtype='float64', name='longitude', length=360))

• Attributes: (3)

  oceanbench_source_kind :

  challenger

  oceanbench_source_name :

  glo12

  oceanbench_source_resolution :

  one_degree

Evaluation configuration

region = 'global'

Evaluation of challenger dataset using OceanBench

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.068717	0.069586	0.070640	0.071872	0.073348	0.074992	0.077168	0.079274	0.081335	0.083204
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.551941	0.555768	0.560735	0.568204	0.577901	0.588655	0.602982	0.617986	0.632696	0.647523
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.849195	0.848879	0.848257	0.848873	0.849414	0.850598	0.851670	0.853048	0.853905	0.855549
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.121248	0.123744	0.126520	0.129595	0.133091	0.137038	0.141374	0.145734	0.149481	0.152761
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.122422	0.125084	0.128071	0.131313	0.134986	0.139086	0.143567	0.148055	0.151731	0.155063
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.854187	0.857898	0.861967	0.866293	0.873352	0.880793	0.890429	0.900715	0.908956	0.915892
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.377481	0.377677	0.377913	0.378196	0.378566	0.378971	0.379469	0.380208	0.380733	0.381268
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.116277	0.118257	0.120541	0.122978	0.125607	0.128518	0.131598	0.134684	0.137107	0.139368
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.118054	0.120092	0.122277	0.124622	0.126990	0.129608	0.132664	0.135675	0.137955	0.140248
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	1.013793	1.016743	1.019937	1.024491	1.030814	1.038421	1.047795	1.058008	1.065230	1.071923
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.253548	0.253598	0.253668	0.253980	0.254288	0.254703	0.255290	0.255938	0.256357	0.256709
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.114139	0.115845	0.117730	0.119728	0.121905	0.124315	0.126957	0.129474	0.131466	0.133380
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.117980	0.119668	0.121488	0.123424	0.125360	0.127474	0.129748	0.132244	0.134154	0.136043
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.856951	0.860358	0.864226	0.869210	0.874447	0.880683	0.888537	0.896794	0.902872	0.908478
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.160229	0.160369	0.160525	0.160860	0.161258	0.161802	0.162506	0.163253	0.163760	0.164212
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.111229	0.112406	0.113671	0.115051	0.116603	0.118226	0.119995	0.121681	0.123131	0.124467
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.115963	0.117131	0.118340	0.119558	0.120822	0.122298	0.123962	0.125687	0.127041	0.128369
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.727421	0.731023	0.734803	0.739832	0.745693	0.752206	0.760131	0.768632	0.774789	0.780422
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.126534	0.126780	0.127031	0.127420	0.127950	0.128515	0.129291	0.130154	0.130772	0.131326
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.108449	0.109396	0.110436	0.111582	0.112869	0.114251	0.115766	0.117266	0.118451	0.119589
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.112132	0.113033	0.114017	0.115018	0.116094	0.117356	0.118776	0.120250	0.121388	0.122565
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.563327	0.566059	0.569132	0.573057	0.577870	0.583556	0.590554	0.597852	0.602706	0.607584
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.095013	0.095147	0.095354	0.095700	0.096097	0.096571	0.097232	0.097915	0.098304	0.098770
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.099547	0.100226	0.100929	0.101707	0.102578	0.103531	0.104617	0.105675	0.106569	0.107434
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.102857	0.103492	0.104135	0.104793	0.105533	0.106443	0.107454	0.108514	0.109342	0.110204

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	34.298004	34.226559	34.302849	34.573368	34.951614	35.20834	35.59029	36.252934	36.782822	37.622753

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.054329	0.055821	0.057446	0.059365	0.061462	0.063628	0.066098	0.068397	0.070254	0.072082
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.050689	0.052331	0.054145	0.055614	0.057346	0.059122	0.061299	0.063519	0.065524	0.067551

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to observations

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_observations(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.765931	0.800328	0.759790	0.783070	0.799771	0.841024	0.846635	0.859965	0.889275	0.849505
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{0-5m}	0.788700	0.780631	0.792033	0.825155	0.820179	0.842807	0.873329	0.861575	0.853370	0.884434
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{5-100m}	0.905377	0.887899	0.876472	0.928658	0.909401	0.917143	0.938674	0.979727	0.964872	0.969155
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100-300m}	0.824541	0.832327	0.825818	0.842698	0.859680	0.848644	0.885356	0.887540	0.904059	0.911297
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300-600m}	0.559655	0.572688	0.571171	0.579680	0.597989	0.600748	0.611596	0.619814	0.629608	0.637776
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{0-5m}	0.256331	0.279346	0.287449	0.307210	0.282659	0.291726	0.276822	0.271966	0.293890	0.305771
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{5-100m}	0.198509	0.200562	0.204525	0.210367	0.210992	0.209258	0.213069	0.210402	0.212921	0.222295
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100-300m}	0.129385	0.131091	0.132016	0.132522	0.135390	0.132852	0.141328	0.137607	0.139686	0.143908
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300-600m}	0.082109	0.083694	0.084209	0.085455	0.087188	0.086208	0.089019	0.089719	0.091799	0.092572
Sea level anomaly (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.114340	0.115366	0.115928	0.116901	0.117856	0.118846	0.119921	0.120855	0.122293	0.123009
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.212890	0.212454	0.216030	0.217093	0.215963	0.217597	0.221172	0.224606	0.224693	0.226871
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.192379	0.193330	0.195393	0.198442	0.199724	0.201772	0.203165	0.206125	0.207004	0.208643

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	9.531859	17.449522	24.518587	31.133373	37.521759	43.802994	50.046738	56.279305

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.009262	0.011170	0.014550	0.018821	0.023910	0.029409	0.035488	0.040993	0.045161	0.048830
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.105618	0.128628	0.162798	0.204080	0.249411	0.296561	0.346198	0.391934	0.426785	0.460953
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.052438	0.063011	0.077984	0.096203	0.117486	0.139382	0.161409	0.183774	0.200246	0.219094
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.026941	0.033681	0.043148	0.053883	0.065886	0.078309	0.090531	0.101751	0.110173	0.117239
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.025677	0.033109	0.043468	0.054691	0.066842	0.079637	0.092010	0.103220	0.111726	0.119134
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.164022	0.185990	0.221750	0.268607	0.321894	0.377758	0.434817	0.486908	0.521091	0.552323
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.034199	0.039185	0.046579	0.055741	0.066268	0.077413	0.088411	0.098944	0.106606	0.113608
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.025271	0.030175	0.037232	0.045975	0.056130	0.066798	0.077434	0.087200	0.094094	0.100260
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.024135	0.029407	0.036741	0.045623	0.055636	0.066289	0.076939	0.086590	0.093498	0.099750
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.176939	0.200050	0.237142	0.285827	0.341495	0.399826	0.459906	0.514439	0.550210	0.582437
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.028918	0.033225	0.039362	0.047122	0.055972	0.065364	0.074980	0.083926	0.090275	0.095829
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.023487	0.027845	0.034085	0.042078	0.051361	0.061157	0.071027	0.080098	0.086472	0.092278
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.022701	0.027294	0.033702	0.041713	0.050806	0.060552	0.070364	0.079318	0.085689	0.091575
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.129701	0.150990	0.182448	0.222306	0.268153	0.317571	0.368658	0.414925	0.445502	0.473886
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.021898	0.025468	0.030425	0.036487	0.043479	0.051013	0.058845	0.066009	0.071187	0.075885
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.019316	0.022967	0.028202	0.034900	0.042749	0.051057	0.059444	0.067311	0.072943	0.078017
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.017842	0.021754	0.027134	0.033783	0.041443	0.049664	0.058009	0.065668	0.071189	0.076407
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.108314	0.127490	0.155823	0.191214	0.232001	0.276377	0.321957	0.363707	0.391447	0.416890
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.017932	0.021053	0.025344	0.030660	0.036791	0.043383	0.050119	0.056415	0.060969	0.065087
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.017888	0.021200	0.025971	0.032123	0.039329	0.046977	0.054708	0.062033	0.067323	0.072140
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.016321	0.019869	0.024763	0.030828	0.037799	0.045343	0.053021	0.060189	0.065367	0.070308
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.081766	0.096767	0.118957	0.147041	0.179372	0.214133	0.250027	0.283272	0.306410	0.327365
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.012822	0.015144	0.018399	0.022404	0.027008	0.031907	0.036960	0.041672	0.045273	0.048499
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.015013	0.017745	0.021712	0.026770	0.032666	0.039072	0.045614	0.051793	0.056355	0.060576
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.013569	0.016464	0.020461	0.025438	0.031163	0.037408	0.043845	0.049980	0.054555	0.058806

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	7.705433	9.961308	12.212276	14.405513	16.647736	18.736223	20.740448	22.689037	24.313519	26.150969

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.012540	0.014483	0.018051	0.022466	0.027320	0.032572	0.038109	0.042965	0.046112	0.049264
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.012079	0.013527	0.017003	0.021208	0.025741	0.030486	0.035524	0.039785	0.042463	0.045622

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	1.808099	3.798188	6.1088	8.825705	12.026884	15.742929	19.939196	24.507236