Open challenger datasets

import oceanbench

oceanbench.__version__

'0.2.1'

Insert here the code that opens the challenger dataset as challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Mercator Ocean International <https://www.mercator-ocean.eu/>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: EUPL-1.2

import xarray
import oceanbench

challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset = oceanbench.datasets.challenger.glo12()

challenger_dataset

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 4TB
Dimensions:             (first_day_datetime: 52, lead_day_index: 10, depth: 50,
                         latitude: 2041, longitude: 4320)
Coordinates:
  * depth               (depth) float32 200B 0.494 1.541 ... 5.275e+03 5.728e+03
  * latitude            (latitude) float32 8kB -80.0 -79.92 ... 89.92 90.0
  * lead_day_index      (lead_day_index) int64 80B 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  * longitude           (longitude) float32 17kB -180.0 -179.9 ... 179.8 179.9
  * first_day_datetime  (first_day_datetime) datetime64[us] 416B 2024-01-03 ....
Data variables:
    so                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 917GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>
    thetao              (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 917GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>
    uo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 917GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>
    vo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 917GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>
    zos                 (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude) float32 18GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes:
    oceanbench_source_kind:  challenger
    oceanbench_source_name:  glo12

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • first_day_datetime: 52
  • lead_day_index: 10
  • depth: 50
  • latitude: 2041
  • longitude: 4320
• Coordinates: (5)
  • depth
    (depth)
    float32
    0.494 1.541 ... 5.275e+03 5.728e+03

    axis :

    Z

    long_name :

    Depth

    positive :

    down

    standard_name :

    depth

    unit_long :

    Meters

    units :

    m

    valid_max :

    5727.9169921875

    valid_min :

    0.49402499198913574

    array([4.940250e-01, 1.541375e+00, 2.645669e+00, 3.819495e+00, 5.078224e+00,
           6.440614e+00, 7.929560e+00, 9.572997e+00, 1.140500e+01, 1.346714e+01,
           1.581007e+01, 1.849556e+01, 2.159882e+01, 2.521141e+01, 2.944473e+01,
           3.443415e+01, 4.034405e+01, 4.737369e+01, 5.576429e+01, 6.580727e+01,
           7.785385e+01, 9.232607e+01, 1.097293e+02, 1.306660e+02, 1.558507e+02,
           1.861256e+02, 2.224752e+02, 2.660403e+02, 3.181274e+02, 3.802130e+02,
           4.539377e+02, 5.410889e+02, 6.435668e+02, 7.633331e+02, 9.023393e+02,
           1.062440e+03, 1.245291e+03, 1.452251e+03, 1.684284e+03, 1.941893e+03,
           2.225078e+03, 2.533336e+03, 2.865703e+03, 3.220820e+03, 3.597032e+03,
           3.992484e+03, 4.405224e+03, 4.833291e+03, 5.274784e+03, 5.727917e+03],
          dtype=float32)

  • latitude
    (latitude)
    float32
    -80.0 -79.92 -79.83 ... 89.92 90.0

    axis :

    Y

    long_name :

    Latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    step :

    0.08333587646484375

    unit_long :

    Degrees North

    units :

    degrees_north

    valid_max :

    90.0

    valid_min :

    -80.0

    array([-80.      , -79.916664, -79.833336, ...,  89.83334 ,  89.91667 ,
            90.      ], shape=(2041,), dtype=float32)

  • lead_day_index
    (lead_day_index)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

  • longitude
    (longitude)
    float32
    -180.0 -179.9 ... 179.8 179.9

    axis :

    X

    long_name :

    Longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    step :

    0.0833282470703125

    unit_long :

    Degrees East

    units :

    degrees_east

    valid_max :

    179.91668701171875

    valid_min :

    -180.0

    array([-180.     , -179.91667, -179.83333, ...,  179.75   ,  179.83334,
            179.91669], shape=(4320,), dtype=float32)

  • first_day_datetime
    (first_day_datetime)
    datetime64[us]
    2024-01-03 ... 2024-12-25

    array(['2024-01-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-06T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-13T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-20T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-27T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-03T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-10T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-17T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-24T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-01T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-08T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-15T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-22T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-29T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-05T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-12T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-19T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-26T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-04T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-11T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-18T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-25T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-02T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-09T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-16T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-23T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-30T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-06T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-13T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-20T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-27T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-04T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-11T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-18T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-25T00:00:00.000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[us]')

• Data variables: (5)
  • so
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Salinity

    standard_name :

    sea_water_salinity

    unit_long :

    Practical Salinity Unit

    units :

    1e-3

    valid_max :

    50.0

    valid_min :

    0.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 854.00 GiB 3.12 MiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 640, 1280) Dask graph 416000 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • thetao
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Temperature

    standard_name :

    sea_water_potential_temperature

    unit_long :

    Degrees Celsius

    units :

    degrees_C

    valid_max :

    40.0

    valid_min :

    -10.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 854.00 GiB 3.12 MiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 640, 1280) Dask graph 416000 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • uo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Eastward velocity

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    unit_long :

    Meters per second

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 854.00 GiB 3.12 MiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 640, 1280) Dask graph 416000 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • vo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Northward velocity

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    unit_long :

    Meters per second

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 854.00 GiB 3.12 MiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 640, 1280) Dask graph 416000 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • zos
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Sea surface height

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    unit_long :

    Meters

    units :

    m

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 17.08 GiB 3.12 MiB Shape (52, 10, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 640, 1280) Dask graph 8320 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

• Indexes: (5)
  • depth
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0.49402499198913574,  1.5413750410079956,  2.6456689834594727,
            3.8194949626922607,   5.078224182128906,   6.440614223480225,
              7.92956018447876,   9.572997093200684,  11.404999732971191,
            13.467140197753906,  15.810070037841797,  18.495559692382812,
            21.598819732666016,  25.211410522460938,  29.444730758666992,
             34.43415069580078,  40.344051361083984,   47.37369155883789,
             55.76428985595703,   65.80726623535156,   77.85385131835938,
              92.3260726928711,  109.72930145263672,  130.66600036621094,
            155.85069274902344,  186.12559509277344,  222.47520446777344,
             266.0403137207031,   318.1274108886719,   380.2130126953125,
             453.9377136230469,   541.0889282226562,   643.5667724609375,
             763.3331298828125,   902.3392944335938,    1062.43994140625,
                1245.291015625,     1452.2509765625,  1684.2840576171875,
            1941.8929443359375,   2225.077880859375,        2533.3359375,
             2865.702880859375,   3220.820068359375,   3597.031982421875,
              3992.48388671875,    4405.22412109375,      4833.291015625,
               5274.7841796875,     5727.9169921875],
          dtype='float32', name='depth'))

  • latitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([             -80.0, -79.91666412353516, -79.83333587646484,
                       -79.75, -79.66666412353516, -79.58333587646484,
                        -79.5, -79.41666412353516, -79.33333587646484,
                       -79.25,
           ...
                        89.25,  89.33334350585938,  89.41667175292969,
                         89.5,  89.58334350585938,  89.66667175292969,
                        89.75,  89.83334350585938,  89.91667175292969,
                         90.0],
          dtype='float32', name='latitude', length=2041))

  • lead_day_index
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], dtype='int64', name='lead_day_index'))

  • longitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([            -180.0, -179.9166717529297, -179.8333282470703,
                      -179.75, -179.6666717529297, -179.5833282470703,
                       -179.5, -179.4166717529297, -179.3333282470703,
                      -179.25,
           ...
           179.16668701171875,             179.25, 179.33334350585938,
           179.41668701171875,              179.5, 179.58334350585938,
           179.66668701171875,             179.75, 179.83334350585938,
           179.91668701171875],
          dtype='float32', name='longitude', length=4320))

  • first_day_datetime
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2024-01-03', '2024-01-10', '2024-01-17', '2024-01-24',
                   '2024-01-31', '2024-02-07', '2024-02-14', '2024-02-21',
                   '2024-02-28', '2024-03-06', '2024-03-13', '2024-03-20',
                   '2024-03-27', '2024-04-03', '2024-04-10', '2024-04-17',
                   '2024-04-24', '2024-05-01', '2024-05-08', '2024-05-15',
                   '2024-05-22', '2024-05-29', '2024-06-05', '2024-06-12',
                   '2024-06-19', '2024-06-26', '2024-07-03', '2024-07-10',
                   '2024-07-17', '2024-07-24', '2024-07-31', '2024-08-07',
                   '2024-08-14', '2024-08-21', '2024-08-28', '2024-09-04',
                   '2024-09-11', '2024-09-18', '2024-09-25', '2024-10-02',
                   '2024-10-09', '2024-10-16', '2024-10-23', '2024-10-30',
                   '2024-11-06', '2024-11-13', '2024-11-20', '2024-11-27',
                   '2024-12-04', '2024-12-11', '2024-12-18', '2024-12-25'],
                  dtype='datetime64[us]', name='first_day_datetime', freq=None))

• Attributes: (2)

  oceanbench_source_kind :

  challenger

  oceanbench_source_name :

  glo12

Evaluation configuration

region = 'ibi'

Evaluation of challenger dataset using OceanBench

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.057295	0.057334	0.058243	0.059012	0.062044	0.061722	0.065617	0.067353	0.072735	0.074314
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.440863	0.441160	0.443567	0.446543	0.455142	0.464437	0.481518	0.506951	0.533841	0.561559
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.257690	0.257178	0.256987	0.257649	0.259481	0.261290	0.262559	0.265303	0.267744	0.271338
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.095048	0.096436	0.098080	0.099952	0.102149	0.104863	0.108124	0.111061	0.115304	0.118284
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.098144	0.099634	0.101467	0.103297	0.105582	0.108761	0.112512	0.116429	0.121112	0.124295
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.707359	0.706114	0.705238	0.705102	0.705654	0.708606	0.713058	0.716890	0.718465	0.720596
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.186411	0.186851	0.187436	0.188102	0.188760	0.189599	0.190675	0.192041	0.193095	0.194114
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.093271	0.094741	0.096245	0.097802	0.099380	0.100965	0.102814	0.104610	0.106369	0.107822
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.096013	0.097385	0.098937	0.100565	0.102161	0.103723	0.105590	0.107588	0.109062	0.110676
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.722622	0.722674	0.723143	0.723708	0.725017	0.727783	0.731204	0.734593	0.736324	0.738515
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.189182	0.189725	0.190468	0.191258	0.192131	0.193208	0.194307	0.195418	0.196238	0.197185
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.090905	0.092340	0.093807	0.095341	0.096857	0.098385	0.100069	0.101745	0.103142	0.104474
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.092948	0.094259	0.095773	0.097288	0.098751	0.100389	0.102038	0.103707	0.105036	0.106278
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.639319	0.639181	0.639254	0.639890	0.640816	0.642339	0.644449	0.646502	0.647698	0.649396
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.131364	0.131321	0.131345	0.131456	0.131627	0.131907	0.132303	0.132718	0.132985	0.133310
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.086073	0.087331	0.088719	0.090101	0.091565	0.093030	0.094518	0.095965	0.097186	0.098365
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.087173	0.088441	0.089818	0.091143	0.092525	0.093994	0.095390	0.096728	0.097913	0.099047
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.527125	0.526877	0.526889	0.527147	0.527829	0.528928	0.530588	0.532252	0.533223	0.534303
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.101429	0.101344	0.101313	0.101334	0.101446	0.101593	0.101780	0.101998	0.102151	0.102322
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.085500	0.086650	0.087918	0.089247	0.090625	0.092034	0.093394	0.094678	0.095780	0.096871
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.086604	0.087739	0.088975	0.090214	0.091495	0.092824	0.094104	0.095347	0.096458	0.097503
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.402287	0.402217	0.402396	0.402979	0.403727	0.404861	0.406652	0.408623	0.409918	0.411305
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.089871	0.089864	0.089944	0.090114	0.090359	0.090644	0.090989	0.091329	0.091546	0.091800
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.088310	0.089209	0.090180	0.091248	0.092397	0.093531	0.094624	0.095692	0.096561	0.097442
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.089961	0.090808	0.091742	0.092773	0.093745	0.094794	0.095846	0.096885	0.097794	0.098623

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	25.003262	25.035255	24.509151	24.838503	25.482077	26.300432	27.56979	29.777893	30.475929	31.135038

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.089762	0.091138	0.0927	0.094280	0.095989	0.097765	0.099959	0.101841	0.104031	0.105637
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.090065	0.091436	0.0931	0.094632	0.096426	0.098251	0.100317	0.102155	0.104150	0.105964

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to observations

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_observations(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.490286	0.513988	0.571904	0.463396	0.508202	0.544488	0.767785	0.548021	0.558166	0.669802
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{0-5m}	0.424710	0.448153	0.398182	0.425658	0.515173	0.493803	0.612990	0.595604	0.592457	0.567544
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{5-100m}	0.657598	0.713165	0.696872	0.681889	0.768103	0.675142	0.791567	0.726775	0.760195	0.778687
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100-300m}	0.298009	0.330635	0.336448	0.319458	0.354257	0.340103	0.356906	0.338214	0.350763	0.380484
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300-600m}	0.255268	0.249996	0.236480	0.235860	0.255569	0.240989	0.246953	0.278521	0.270954	0.247575
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{0-5m}	0.666668	0.865747	0.857370	0.659646	0.633612	0.744267	0.646977	0.707667	0.892080	0.881476
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{5-100m}	0.274088	0.322395	0.343848	0.282922	0.307329	0.309777	0.303775	0.306485	0.363870	0.379873
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100-300m}	0.116642	0.099614	0.126265	0.100026	0.141694	0.129596	0.140883	0.135565	0.127558	0.162057
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300-600m}	0.043211	0.045592	0.046734	0.045190	0.052732	0.047129	0.052069	0.049511	0.052280	0.051994
Sea level anomaly (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.116543	0.119931	0.121315	0.119068	0.120508	0.120627	0.119114	0.120224	0.119314	0.121234
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.215723	0.219253	0.220321	0.220543	0.208131	0.221593	0.216471	0.225747	0.230541	0.230732
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.183486	0.185631	0.183537	0.181886	0.186926	0.184204	0.188207	0.191564	0.193116	0.193821

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	8.457311	16.425373	23.859568	30.764662	37.279781	43.480694	49.489323	55.305721

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.007182	0.008924	0.012215	0.015835	0.022338	0.025854	0.032963	0.035969	0.043923	0.047346
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.089401	0.107518	0.134933	0.167609	0.207404	0.248923	0.289997	0.339289	0.388921	0.437048
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.027388	0.032774	0.040062	0.049404	0.060411	0.071294	0.083786	0.098063	0.110635	0.123894
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.017862	0.022301	0.028168	0.035296	0.043756	0.052995	0.062565	0.071121	0.080304	0.086836
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.017843	0.022548	0.028548	0.035904	0.044213	0.054378	0.064964	0.074851	0.084607	0.091149
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.127577	0.145594	0.172589	0.207364	0.246574	0.288902	0.332733	0.375435	0.402433	0.429203
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.025267	0.029623	0.035337	0.042271	0.050113	0.058634	0.067453	0.075976	0.082793	0.089415
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.017252	0.020792	0.025817	0.031927	0.039042	0.046315	0.054315	0.061566	0.067646	0.072665
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.017048	0.020782	0.025909	0.032182	0.039232	0.046882	0.055064	0.062461	0.068247	0.073655
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.107537	0.123405	0.146107	0.175216	0.208993	0.245619	0.283387	0.318848	0.344044	0.368400
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.025326	0.029687	0.035533	0.042649	0.050706	0.059334	0.068137	0.076521	0.083039	0.089401
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.016651	0.020024	0.024798	0.030641	0.037388	0.044553	0.052039	0.058827	0.064208	0.069024
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.016371	0.019911	0.024761	0.030748	0.037551	0.044876	0.052336	0.059266	0.064615	0.069575
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.088364	0.100668	0.118708	0.142015	0.169060	0.198301	0.228319	0.255882	0.274905	0.292829
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.017925	0.020421	0.023994	0.028541	0.033768	0.039386	0.045174	0.050473	0.054227	0.057759
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.014733	0.017689	0.021906	0.027204	0.033268	0.039834	0.046520	0.052697	0.057455	0.061913
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.014311	0.017453	0.021799	0.027189	0.033359	0.039962	0.046703	0.052932	0.057746	0.062298
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.072672	0.083201	0.098660	0.118631	0.141832	0.166993	0.192866	0.216866	0.233732	0.249461
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.013622	0.015603	0.018442	0.022048	0.026220	0.030748	0.035406	0.039741	0.042877	0.045776
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.013914	0.016682	0.020673	0.025688	0.031426	0.037665	0.044025	0.049954	0.054545	0.058895
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.013472	0.016405	0.020521	0.025629	0.031484	0.037774	0.044232	0.050228	0.054904	0.059327
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.058790	0.068172	0.082176	0.100129	0.120825	0.143241	0.166339	0.187758	0.202898	0.217234
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.012271	0.014162	0.016778	0.020110	0.023973	0.028158	0.032458	0.036448	0.039424	0.042280
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.013116	0.015705	0.019369	0.023982	0.029307	0.035063	0.040971	0.046551	0.050958	0.055216
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.012755	0.015471	0.019255	0.023940	0.029342	0.035208	0.041254	0.046922	0.051448	0.055729

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	7.146599	9.764688	12.153127	13.537373	15.566443	18.16326	20.740498	24.043617	25.020128	26.983456

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.016263	0.019618	0.024406	0.030290	0.036985	0.044450	0.052502	0.059426	0.065774	0.070607
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.015517	0.018854	0.023654	0.029479	0.036177	0.043538	0.051376	0.058253	0.064546	0.069629

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	1.383938	3.083371	5.217747	7.840643	11.034394	14.864389	19.230072	24.096449