Open challenger datasets

import oceanbench

oceanbench.__version__

'0.2.1'

Insert here the code that opens the challenger dataset as challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Mercator Ocean International <https://www.mercator-ocean.eu/>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: EUPL-1.2

import xarray
import oceanbench

challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset = oceanbench.datasets.challenger.glo12()

challenger_dataset

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 4TB
Dimensions:             (first_day_datetime: 52, lead_day_index: 10, depth: 50,
                         latitude: 2041, longitude: 4320)
Coordinates:
  * depth               (depth) float32 200B 0.494 1.541 ... 5.275e+03 5.728e+03
  * latitude            (latitude) float32 8kB -80.0 -79.92 ... 89.92 90.0
  * lead_day_index      (lead_day_index) int64 80B 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  * longitude           (longitude) float32 17kB -180.0 -179.9 ... 179.8 179.9
  * first_day_datetime  (first_day_datetime) datetime64[us] 416B 2024-01-03 ....
Data variables:
    so                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 917GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>
    thetao              (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 917GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>
    uo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 917GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>
    vo                  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 917GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>
    zos                 (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude) float32 18GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes:
    oceanbench_source_kind:  challenger
    oceanbench_source_name:  glo12

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • first_day_datetime: 52
  • lead_day_index: 10
  • depth: 50
  • latitude: 2041
  • longitude: 4320
• Coordinates: (5)
  • depth
    (depth)
    float32
    0.494 1.541 ... 5.275e+03 5.728e+03

    axis :

    Z

    long_name :

    Depth

    positive :

    down

    standard_name :

    depth

    unit_long :

    Meters

    units :

    m

    valid_max :

    5727.9169921875

    valid_min :

    0.49402499198913574

    array([4.940250e-01, 1.541375e+00, 2.645669e+00, 3.819495e+00, 5.078224e+00,
           6.440614e+00, 7.929560e+00, 9.572997e+00, 1.140500e+01, 1.346714e+01,
           1.581007e+01, 1.849556e+01, 2.159882e+01, 2.521141e+01, 2.944473e+01,
           3.443415e+01, 4.034405e+01, 4.737369e+01, 5.576429e+01, 6.580727e+01,
           7.785385e+01, 9.232607e+01, 1.097293e+02, 1.306660e+02, 1.558507e+02,
           1.861256e+02, 2.224752e+02, 2.660403e+02, 3.181274e+02, 3.802130e+02,
           4.539377e+02, 5.410889e+02, 6.435668e+02, 7.633331e+02, 9.023393e+02,
           1.062440e+03, 1.245291e+03, 1.452251e+03, 1.684284e+03, 1.941893e+03,
           2.225078e+03, 2.533336e+03, 2.865703e+03, 3.220820e+03, 3.597032e+03,
           3.992484e+03, 4.405224e+03, 4.833291e+03, 5.274784e+03, 5.727917e+03],
          dtype=float32)

  • latitude
    (latitude)
    float32
    -80.0 -79.92 -79.83 ... 89.92 90.0

    axis :

    Y

    long_name :

    Latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    step :

    0.08333587646484375

    unit_long :

    Degrees North

    units :

    degrees_north

    valid_max :

    90.0

    valid_min :

    -80.0

    array([-80.      , -79.916664, -79.833336, ...,  89.83334 ,  89.91667 ,
            90.      ], shape=(2041,), dtype=float32)

  • lead_day_index
    (lead_day_index)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

  • longitude
    (longitude)
    float32
    -180.0 -179.9 ... 179.8 179.9

    axis :

    X

    long_name :

    Longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    step :

    0.0833282470703125

    unit_long :

    Degrees East

    units :

    degrees_east

    valid_max :

    179.91668701171875

    valid_min :

    -180.0

    array([-180.     , -179.91667, -179.83333, ...,  179.75   ,  179.83334,
            179.91669], shape=(4320,), dtype=float32)

  • first_day_datetime
    (first_day_datetime)
    datetime64[us]
    2024-01-03 ... 2024-12-25

    array(['2024-01-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-06T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-13T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-20T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-27T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-03T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-10T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-17T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-24T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-01T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-08T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-15T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-22T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-29T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-05T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-12T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-19T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-26T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-04T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-11T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-18T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-25T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-02T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-09T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-16T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-23T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-30T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-06T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-13T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-20T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-27T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-04T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-11T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-18T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-25T00:00:00.000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[us]')

• Data variables: (5)
  • so
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Salinity

    standard_name :

    sea_water_salinity

    unit_long :

    Practical Salinity Unit

    units :

    1e-3

    valid_max :

    50.0

    valid_min :

    0.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 854.00 GiB 3.12 MiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 640, 1280) Dask graph 416000 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • thetao
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Temperature

    standard_name :

    sea_water_potential_temperature

    unit_long :

    Degrees Celsius

    units :

    degrees_C

    valid_max :

    40.0

    valid_min :

    -10.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 854.00 GiB 3.12 MiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 640, 1280) Dask graph 416000 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • uo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Eastward velocity

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    unit_long :

    Meters per second

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 854.00 GiB 3.12 MiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 640, 1280) Dask graph 416000 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • vo
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Northward velocity

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    unit_long :

    Meters per second

    units :

    m s-1

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 854.00 GiB 3.12 MiB Shape (52, 10, 50, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 1, 640, 1280) Dask graph 416000 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • zos
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 640, 1280), meta=np.ndarray>

    cell_methods :

    area: mean

    long_name :

    Sea surface height

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    unit_long :

    Meters

    units :

    m

    valid_max :

    5.0

    valid_min :

    -5.0

    Array Chunk Bytes 17.08 GiB 3.12 MiB Shape (52, 10, 2041, 4320) (1, 1, 640, 1280) Dask graph 8320 chunks in 157 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

• Indexes: (5)
  • depth
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0.49402499198913574,  1.5413750410079956,  2.6456689834594727,
            3.8194949626922607,   5.078224182128906,   6.440614223480225,
              7.92956018447876,   9.572997093200684,  11.404999732971191,
            13.467140197753906,  15.810070037841797,  18.495559692382812,
            21.598819732666016,  25.211410522460938,  29.444730758666992,
             34.43415069580078,  40.344051361083984,   47.37369155883789,
             55.76428985595703,   65.80726623535156,   77.85385131835938,
              92.3260726928711,  109.72930145263672,  130.66600036621094,
            155.85069274902344,  186.12559509277344,  222.47520446777344,
             266.0403137207031,   318.1274108886719,   380.2130126953125,
             453.9377136230469,   541.0889282226562,   643.5667724609375,
             763.3331298828125,   902.3392944335938,    1062.43994140625,
                1245.291015625,     1452.2509765625,  1684.2840576171875,
            1941.8929443359375,   2225.077880859375,        2533.3359375,
             2865.702880859375,   3220.820068359375,   3597.031982421875,
              3992.48388671875,    4405.22412109375,      4833.291015625,
               5274.7841796875,     5727.9169921875],
          dtype='float32', name='depth'))

  • latitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([             -80.0, -79.91666412353516, -79.83333587646484,
                       -79.75, -79.66666412353516, -79.58333587646484,
                        -79.5, -79.41666412353516, -79.33333587646484,
                       -79.25,
           ...
                        89.25,  89.33334350585938,  89.41667175292969,
                         89.5,  89.58334350585938,  89.66667175292969,
                        89.75,  89.83334350585938,  89.91667175292969,
                         90.0],
          dtype='float32', name='latitude', length=2041))

  • lead_day_index
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], dtype='int64', name='lead_day_index'))

  • longitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([            -180.0, -179.9166717529297, -179.8333282470703,
                      -179.75, -179.6666717529297, -179.5833282470703,
                       -179.5, -179.4166717529297, -179.3333282470703,
                      -179.25,
           ...
           179.16668701171875,             179.25, 179.33334350585938,
           179.41668701171875,              179.5, 179.58334350585938,
           179.66668701171875,             179.75, 179.83334350585938,
           179.91668701171875],
          dtype='float32', name='longitude', length=4320))

  • first_day_datetime
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2024-01-03', '2024-01-10', '2024-01-17', '2024-01-24',
                   '2024-01-31', '2024-02-07', '2024-02-14', '2024-02-21',
                   '2024-02-28', '2024-03-06', '2024-03-13', '2024-03-20',
                   '2024-03-27', '2024-04-03', '2024-04-10', '2024-04-17',
                   '2024-04-24', '2024-05-01', '2024-05-08', '2024-05-15',
                   '2024-05-22', '2024-05-29', '2024-06-05', '2024-06-12',
                   '2024-06-19', '2024-06-26', '2024-07-03', '2024-07-10',
                   '2024-07-17', '2024-07-24', '2024-07-31', '2024-08-07',
                   '2024-08-14', '2024-08-21', '2024-08-28', '2024-09-04',
                   '2024-09-11', '2024-09-18', '2024-09-25', '2024-10-02',
                   '2024-10-09', '2024-10-16', '2024-10-23', '2024-10-30',
                   '2024-11-06', '2024-11-13', '2024-11-20', '2024-11-27',
                   '2024-12-04', '2024-12-11', '2024-12-18', '2024-12-25'],
                  dtype='datetime64[us]', name='first_day_datetime', freq=None))

• Attributes: (2)

  oceanbench_source_kind :

  challenger

  oceanbench_source_name :

  glo12

Evaluation configuration

region = 'global'

Evaluation of challenger dataset using OceanBench

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.068574	0.069394	0.070291	0.071440	0.072876	0.074510	0.076530	0.078474	0.080387	0.082062
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.545614	0.548629	0.552488	0.558716	0.567290	0.577460	0.589535	0.602924	0.616388	0.631040
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.728851	0.728805	0.728184	0.728243	0.728770	0.729923	0.730840	0.732152	0.733625	0.734753
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.113075	0.115252	0.117751	0.120620	0.123880	0.127658	0.131852	0.136035	0.139652	0.142772
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.114090	0.116391	0.118983	0.121898	0.125503	0.129469	0.133822	0.137981	0.141446	0.144472
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.784240	0.787226	0.790646	0.794772	0.801018	0.808249	0.817131	0.826839	0.834240	0.841003
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.335441	0.335533	0.335700	0.336003	0.336397	0.336825	0.337319	0.337903	0.338351	0.338867
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.108833	0.110605	0.112601	0.114844	0.117229	0.119886	0.122707	0.125564	0.127743	0.129706
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.110170	0.111928	0.113896	0.116026	0.118315	0.120778	0.123567	0.126308	0.128419	0.130463
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.931898	0.934450	0.937334	0.941325	0.946889	0.954036	0.962775	0.971897	0.978248	0.984779
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.225420	0.225470	0.225556	0.225802	0.226165	0.226626	0.227168	0.227779	0.228201	0.228633
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.106950	0.108505	0.110199	0.112062	0.114070	0.116299	0.118710	0.121155	0.122986	0.124686
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.110069	0.111611	0.113213	0.114999	0.116889	0.118925	0.121186	0.123539	0.125351	0.127046
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.800376	0.803327	0.806697	0.811095	0.816305	0.822600	0.829935	0.837550	0.842856	0.848104
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.149014	0.149155	0.149329	0.149633	0.150057	0.150596	0.151244	0.151904	0.152336	0.152786
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.102840	0.103973	0.105175	0.106523	0.107991	0.109610	0.111409	0.113243	0.114627	0.115913
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.107227	0.108358	0.109497	0.110704	0.112068	0.113584	0.115272	0.117007	0.118360	0.119590
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.679327	0.682299	0.685760	0.690187	0.695512	0.701771	0.708954	0.716381	0.721709	0.726990
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.116453	0.116650	0.116913	0.117281	0.117767	0.118363	0.119063	0.119777	0.120289	0.120823
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.099528	0.100490	0.101494	0.102626	0.103896	0.105310	0.106877	0.108462	0.109675	0.110801
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.102648	0.103597	0.104575	0.105633	0.106801	0.108108	0.109570	0.111072	0.112256	0.113363
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.508115	0.510483	0.513261	0.516850	0.521224	0.526357	0.532243	0.538293	0.542873	0.547390
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.084910	0.085066	0.085264	0.085563	0.085936	0.086391	0.086925	0.087473	0.087895	0.088333
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.091263	0.091951	0.092689	0.093509	0.094436	0.095476	0.096641	0.097834	0.098754	0.099627
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.093918	0.094584	0.095280	0.096051	0.096919	0.097896	0.098972	0.100092	0.100996	0.101845

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	36.938541	36.844418	36.892647	37.103996	37.411369	37.692997	38.151264	38.82589	39.324142	40.163063

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.122898	0.124627	0.126597	0.128699	0.131007	0.133559	0.136361	0.138975	0.140846	0.142789
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.130851	0.132523	0.134812	0.136566	0.138628	0.140790	0.143571	0.146224	0.148210	0.150567

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to observations

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_observations(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.784868	0.816129	0.792875	0.815646	0.851446	0.887269	0.889079	0.908877	0.938751	0.914067
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{0-5m}	0.772856	0.781452	0.808953	0.844204	0.855879	0.853452	0.895470	0.876526	0.888083	0.933483
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{5-100m}	0.906570	0.924867	0.912530	0.957696	0.960275	0.964287	0.993636	1.015639	1.033470	1.055458
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100-300m}	0.821995	0.854652	0.841829	0.855745	0.884240	0.891473	0.919264	0.917970	0.965920	0.962769
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300-600m}	0.551025	0.576574	0.579113	0.582817	0.609564	0.628250	0.631541	0.648822	0.662803	0.677297
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{0-5m}	0.279104	0.294473	0.306634	0.319751	0.298139	0.316922	0.294749	0.301818	0.322364	0.334340
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{5-100m}	0.251115	0.255705	0.261699	0.257720	0.268807	0.262874	0.266480	0.273725	0.278525	0.284769
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100-300m}	0.138148	0.141085	0.142894	0.142833	0.148453	0.147232	0.154632	0.151495	0.154990	0.159876
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300-600m}	0.089471	0.090984	0.091399	0.092216	0.094993	0.096199	0.097560	0.101327	0.102674	0.104311
Sea level anomaly (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.113990	0.115398	0.116316	0.117665	0.118914	0.120332	0.121682	0.122946	0.124665	0.125699
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.213136	0.214374	0.219310	0.221393	0.220774	0.224192	0.228913	0.232809	0.234450	0.237656
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.195887	0.198149	0.201449	0.205320	0.208352	0.211356	0.214002	0.217751	0.219653	0.221968

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	10.40239	20.369566	29.849522	38.901623	47.612061	56.063744	64.314323	72.391342

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.009236	0.011146	0.014530	0.018805	0.023916	0.029472	0.035567	0.041123	0.045335	0.049075
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.104684	0.128184	0.162673	0.203869	0.249385	0.297107	0.346068	0.391410	0.426406	0.461217
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.052062	0.062042	0.078084	0.096718	0.117854	0.140798	0.163192	0.185104	0.202534	0.220991
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.026854	0.033547	0.043023	0.053853	0.065724	0.078126	0.090379	0.101490	0.109808	0.116948
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.025630	0.032989	0.043349	0.054673	0.066958	0.079514	0.091845	0.102950	0.111512	0.118876
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.162916	0.185552	0.221235	0.267864	0.320785	0.377105	0.434194	0.485273	0.519222	0.550916
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.034041	0.039116	0.046467	0.055859	0.066508	0.077668	0.088932	0.099384	0.107027	0.114108
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.025184	0.030029	0.037116	0.045932	0.055981	0.066648	0.077383	0.087027	0.093840	0.100025
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.024125	0.029330	0.036652	0.045587	0.055608	0.066111	0.076715	0.086348	0.093271	0.099488
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.176366	0.199994	0.236876	0.285193	0.340210	0.399167	0.459096	0.512883	0.548064	0.581306
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.028819	0.033200	0.039321	0.047145	0.056104	0.065593	0.075172	0.083964	0.090235	0.095930
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.023412	0.027776	0.034044	0.042023	0.051215	0.061034	0.070957	0.079944	0.086239	0.092004
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.022614	0.027216	0.033672	0.041703	0.050786	0.060401	0.070172	0.079109	0.085528	0.091343
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.129528	0.150667	0.181700	0.221719	0.267822	0.317276	0.367833	0.413719	0.444112	0.472124
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.021879	0.025425	0.030286	0.036447	0.043533	0.051118	0.058835	0.065933	0.071015	0.075677
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.019215	0.022867	0.028123	0.034833	0.042586	0.050912	0.059398	0.067165	0.072682	0.077741
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.017845	0.021698	0.027076	0.033779	0.041423	0.049589	0.057894	0.065531	0.071086	0.076163
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.108174	0.127111	0.154820	0.190480	0.231614	0.275756	0.320831	0.361904	0.389383	0.414722
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.017899	0.020989	0.025219	0.030572	0.036727	0.043308	0.049991	0.056162	0.060636	0.064735
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.017790	0.021109	0.025903	0.032040	0.039146	0.046817	0.054663	0.061892	0.067069	0.071855
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.016332	0.019835	0.024723	0.030821	0.037808	0.045305	0.052974	0.060063	0.065286	0.070093
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.081770	0.096637	0.118484	0.146591	0.179103	0.214227	0.250363	0.283534	0.306092	0.326949
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.012815	0.015144	0.018322	0.022329	0.026951	0.031931	0.037033	0.041774	0.045278	0.048496
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.014969	0.017703	0.021647	0.026695	0.032572	0.038965	0.045566	0.051711	0.056198	0.060392
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.013593	0.016467	0.020472	0.025471	0.031225	0.037448	0.043862	0.049879	0.054430	0.058661

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	7.726135	9.99919	12.262475	14.458695	16.690199	18.735895	20.785763	22.70825	24.357817	26.263109

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.042410	0.048554	0.056860	0.066325	0.076569	0.087369	0.098161	0.107928	0.114892	0.121388
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.044627	0.051288	0.060134	0.070410	0.081149	0.092255	0.103531	0.113335	0.120749	0.127751

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	1.904223	4.254805	7.178922	10.74735	15.023869	20.008005	25.639919	31.783379