Open challenger datasets

import oceanbench

oceanbench.__version__

'0.2.0'

Insert here the code that opens the challenger dataset as challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Mercator Ocean International <https://www.mercator-ocean.eu/>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: EUPL-1.2

# Open XiHe 1 degree base challenger forecasts with xarray
import xarray
import oceanbench

challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset = oceanbench.datasets.challenger.xihe_1_degree()

challenger_dataset

Remote data read failed during challenger dataset open (1/12): Response payload is not completed: <ContentLengthError: 400, message='Not enough data to satisfy content length header (received 782986 of 1079937 bytes).'>. Retrying in 2s.

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 12GB
Dimensions:                          (first_day_datetime: 52,
                                      lead_day_index: 10, depth: 23,
                                      latitude: 170, longitude: 360)
Coordinates:
  * depth                            (depth) float64 184B 0.494 2.646 ... 643.6
  * lead_day_index                   (lead_day_index) int64 80B 0 1 2 ... 7 8 9
  * first_day_datetime               (first_day_datetime) datetime64[us] 416B ...
  * latitude                         (latitude) float64 1kB -79.5 -78.5 ... 89.5
  * longitude                        (longitude) float64 3kB -179.5 ... 179.5
Data variables:
    sea_water_salinity               (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 3GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    sea_water_potential_temperature  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 3GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    eastward_sea_water_velocity      (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 3GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    northward_sea_water_velocity     (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float32 3GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    sea_surface_height_above_geoid   (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude) float32 127MB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes:
    oceanbench_source_kind:        challenger
    oceanbench_source_name:        xihe
    oceanbench_source_resolution:  one_degree

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • first_day_datetime: 52
  • lead_day_index: 10
  • depth: 23
  • latitude: 170
  • longitude: 360
• Coordinates: (5)
  • depth
    (depth)
    float64
    0.494 2.646 5.078 ... 541.1 643.6

    long_name :

    Depth

    standard_name :

    depth

    units :

    m

    units_long :

    Meters

    array([4.940000e-01, 2.645700e+00, 5.078200e+00, 7.929600e+00, 1.140500e+01,
           1.581010e+01, 2.159880e+01, 2.944470e+01, 4.034410e+01, 5.576430e+01,
           7.785390e+01, 9.232610e+01, 1.097293e+02, 1.306660e+02, 1.558507e+02,
           1.861256e+02, 2.224752e+02, 2.660403e+02, 3.181274e+02, 3.802130e+02,
           4.539377e+02, 5.410889e+02, 6.435668e+02])

  • lead_day_index
    (lead_day_index)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

  • first_day_datetime
    (first_day_datetime)
    datetime64[us]
    2024-01-03 ... 2024-12-25

    array(['2024-01-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-06T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-13T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-20T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-27T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-03T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-10T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-17T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-24T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-01T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-08T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-15T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-22T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-29T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-05T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-12T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-19T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-26T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-04T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-11T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-18T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-25T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-02T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-09T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-16T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-23T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-30T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-06T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-13T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-20T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-27T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-04T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-11T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-18T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-25T00:00:00.000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[us]')

  • latitude
    (latitude)
    float64
    -79.5 -78.5 -77.5 ... 88.5 89.5

    axis :

    Y

    long_name :

    Latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    units :

    degrees_north

    units_long :

    Degrees North

    array([-79.5, -78.5, -77.5, -76.5, -75.5, -74.5, -73.5, -72.5, -71.5, -70.5,
           -69.5, -68.5, -67.5, -66.5, -65.5, -64.5, -63.5, -62.5, -61.5, -60.5,
           -59.5, -58.5, -57.5, -56.5, -55.5, -54.5, -53.5, -52.5, -51.5, -50.5,
           -49.5, -48.5, -47.5, -46.5, -45.5, -44.5, -43.5, -42.5, -41.5, -40.5,
           -39.5, -38.5, -37.5, -36.5, -35.5, -34.5, -33.5, -32.5, -31.5, -30.5,
           -29.5, -28.5, -27.5, -26.5, -25.5, -24.5, -23.5, -22.5, -21.5, -20.5,
           -19.5, -18.5, -17.5, -16.5, -15.5, -14.5, -13.5, -12.5, -11.5, -10.5,
            -9.5,  -8.5,  -7.5,  -6.5,  -5.5,  -4.5,  -3.5,  -2.5,  -1.5,  -0.5,
             0.5,   1.5,   2.5,   3.5,   4.5,   5.5,   6.5,   7.5,   8.5,   9.5,
            10.5,  11.5,  12.5,  13.5,  14.5,  15.5,  16.5,  17.5,  18.5,  19.5,
            20.5,  21.5,  22.5,  23.5,  24.5,  25.5,  26.5,  27.5,  28.5,  29.5,
            30.5,  31.5,  32.5,  33.5,  34.5,  35.5,  36.5,  37.5,  38.5,  39.5,
            40.5,  41.5,  42.5,  43.5,  44.5,  45.5,  46.5,  47.5,  48.5,  49.5,
            50.5,  51.5,  52.5,  53.5,  54.5,  55.5,  56.5,  57.5,  58.5,  59.5,
            60.5,  61.5,  62.5,  63.5,  64.5,  65.5,  66.5,  67.5,  68.5,  69.5,
            70.5,  71.5,  72.5,  73.5,  74.5,  75.5,  76.5,  77.5,  78.5,  79.5,
            80.5,  81.5,  82.5,  83.5,  84.5,  85.5,  86.5,  87.5,  88.5,  89.5])

  • longitude
    (longitude)
    float64
    -179.5 -178.5 ... 178.5 179.5

    axis :

    X

    long_name :

    Longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    units :

    degrees_east

    units_long :

    Degrees East

    array([-179.5, -178.5, -177.5, ...,  177.5,  178.5,  179.5], shape=(360,))

• Data variables: (5)
  • sea_water_salinity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    sea_water_salinity

    Array Chunk Bytes 2.73 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 23, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 11960 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • sea_water_potential_temperature
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    sea_water_potential_temperature

    Array Chunk Bytes 2.73 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 23, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 11960 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • eastward_sea_water_velocity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    Array Chunk Bytes 2.73 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 23, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 11960 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • northward_sea_water_velocity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    Array Chunk Bytes 2.73 GiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 23, 170, 360) (1, 1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 11960 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

  • sea_surface_height_above_geoid
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude)
    float32
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 1, 170, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    Array Chunk Bytes 121.40 MiB 239.06 kiB Shape (52, 10, 170, 360) (1, 1, 170, 360) Dask graph 520 chunks in 176 graph layers Data type float32 numpy.ndarray

• Indexes: (5)
  • depth
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([   0.494,   2.6457,   5.0782,   7.9296,   11.405,  15.8101,  21.5988,
            29.4447,  40.3441,  55.7643,  77.8539,  92.3261, 109.7293,  130.666,
           155.8507, 186.1256, 222.4752, 266.0403, 318.1274,  380.213, 453.9377,
           541.0889, 643.5668],
          dtype='float64', name='depth'))

  • lead_day_index
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], dtype='int64', name='lead_day_index'))

  • first_day_datetime
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2024-01-03', '2024-01-10', '2024-01-17', '2024-01-24',
                   '2024-01-31', '2024-02-07', '2024-02-14', '2024-02-21',
                   '2024-02-28', '2024-03-06', '2024-03-13', '2024-03-20',
                   '2024-03-27', '2024-04-03', '2024-04-10', '2024-04-17',
                   '2024-04-24', '2024-05-01', '2024-05-08', '2024-05-15',
                   '2024-05-22', '2024-05-29', '2024-06-05', '2024-06-12',
                   '2024-06-19', '2024-06-26', '2024-07-03', '2024-07-10',
                   '2024-07-17', '2024-07-24', '2024-07-31', '2024-08-07',
                   '2024-08-14', '2024-08-21', '2024-08-28', '2024-09-04',
                   '2024-09-11', '2024-09-18', '2024-09-25', '2024-10-02',
                   '2024-10-09', '2024-10-16', '2024-10-23', '2024-10-30',
                   '2024-11-06', '2024-11-13', '2024-11-20', '2024-11-27',
                   '2024-12-04', '2024-12-11', '2024-12-18', '2024-12-25'],
                  dtype='datetime64[us]', name='first_day_datetime', freq=None))

  • latitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([-79.5, -78.5, -77.5, -76.5, -75.5, -74.5, -73.5, -72.5, -71.5, -70.5,
           ...
            80.5,  81.5,  82.5,  83.5,  84.5,  85.5,  86.5,  87.5,  88.5,  89.5],
          dtype='float64', name='latitude', length=170))

  • longitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([-179.5, -178.5, -177.5, -176.5, -175.5, -174.5, -173.5, -172.5, -171.5,
           -170.5,
           ...
            170.5,  171.5,  172.5,  173.5,  174.5,  175.5,  176.5,  177.5,  178.5,
            179.5],
          dtype='float64', name='longitude', length=360))

• Attributes: (3)

  oceanbench_source_kind :

  challenger

  oceanbench_source_name :

  xihe

  oceanbench_source_resolution :

  one_degree

Evaluation configuration

region = 'global'

Evaluation of challenger dataset using OceanBench

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.077638	0.086206	0.084374	0.085787	0.085578	0.089199	0.089198	0.089431	0.091776	0.092010
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.648196	0.646411	0.656162	0.677197	0.689909	0.698894	0.690994	0.764031	0.776379	0.782008
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.701185	0.700594	0.724322	0.727403	0.716489	0.706555	0.702418	0.698731	0.714141	0.687199
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.122658	0.120738	0.121003	0.121073	0.121643	0.121632	0.120320	0.121295	0.120701	0.121074
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.124503	0.122306	0.122791	0.123299	0.124488	0.124250	0.123390	0.124746	0.124761	0.124489
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.824144	0.808765	0.802072	0.822899	0.833343	0.849432	0.831216	0.850188	0.852797	0.876553
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.388281	0.403424	0.408085	0.399327	0.415886	0.409835	0.400349	0.402728	0.405264	0.428033
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.113111	0.110468	0.110055	0.109290	0.109461	0.109488	0.107760	0.108754	0.107886	0.107737
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.114092	0.111464	0.111150	0.110317	0.110821	0.110272	0.109497	0.110344	0.110145	0.109994
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.969111	0.984830	0.991853	0.998129	1.002490	1.010047	1.001932	1.040798	1.045319	1.064392
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.226676	0.229518	0.228920	0.225709	0.228829	0.228019	0.231109	0.228424	0.233617	0.242880
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.109424	0.106551	0.105823	0.104098	0.104079	0.103848	0.102042	0.102803	0.101795	0.101569
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.113351	0.110454	0.109687	0.107704	0.107883	0.107174	0.105719	0.106524	0.105990	0.105828
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.830157	0.807696	0.831115	0.792000	0.822719	0.811763	0.824973	0.839870	0.823532	0.830924
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.145424	0.146280	0.147768	0.143972	0.145603	0.146724	0.143062	0.144685	0.143317	0.144689
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.105024	0.107883	0.106075	0.102750	0.102838	0.102619	0.102588	0.102762	0.101433	0.100920
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.109762	0.112421	0.110933	0.107687	0.108049	0.107454	0.106987	0.107249	0.106107	0.105349
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.706791	0.672330	0.693380	0.662696	0.694109	0.695550	0.680610	0.704219	0.699482	0.698005
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.110701	0.111780	0.114251	0.110736	0.111401	0.111760	0.108056	0.110645	0.108346	0.110680
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.102018	0.105174	0.103547	0.100121	0.100181	0.099960	0.099875	0.099818	0.098572	0.097934
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.106059	0.108793	0.107512	0.104029	0.104331	0.104028	0.103821	0.103745	0.102615	0.101652
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.530386	0.511580	0.519554	0.505594	0.526045	0.523256	0.513293	0.532202	0.526012	0.522478
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.081567	0.083511	0.082549	0.082044	0.080935	0.082749	0.079797	0.081778	0.080466	0.081956
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.092962	0.096349	0.094840	0.091437	0.091527	0.091172	0.090976	0.090449	0.089561	0.088996
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.096474	0.099774	0.098486	0.095042	0.095315	0.094901	0.094425	0.094048	0.093386	0.092607

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	66.016179	66.360226	66.75785	72.040009	65.257503	66.065701	72.166019	69.393245	72.677319	64.730286

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.083034	0.085948	0.085991	0.093652	0.097611	0.099257	0.091022	0.095512	0.096347	0.097169
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.089306	0.089322	0.091024	0.091722	0.096818	0.096042	0.092547	0.097991	0.102184	0.102066

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to observations

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_observations(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.811112	0.839355	0.806488	0.843275	0.854644	0.911805	0.892965	0.913967	0.962876	0.926530
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{0-5m}	0.808326	0.835984	0.859393	0.888883	0.902099	0.920665	0.936117	0.922643	0.968428	0.999899
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{5-100m}	0.924375	0.935199	0.908787	0.960007	0.949972	0.971468	0.970498	0.995068	1.008917	1.032568
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100-300m}	0.840709	0.840186	0.818764	0.847719	0.858257	0.839330	0.868308	0.859844	0.869834	0.867986
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300-600m}	0.577825	0.560764	0.552075	0.569969	0.578742	0.571638	0.589104	0.589562	0.602485	0.589978
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{0-5m}	0.245303	0.260990	0.259034	0.282249	0.265853	0.274493	0.261436	0.257057	0.271122	0.271624
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{5-100m}	0.192660	0.201299	0.206087	0.209831	0.210455	0.208438	0.209214	0.204461	0.213834	0.218908
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100-300m}	0.127609	0.129302	0.127970	0.130167	0.130749	0.126445	0.133771	0.128424	0.130515	0.133480
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300-600m}	0.080286	0.081207	0.078736	0.081699	0.080168	0.079884	0.083432	0.082400	0.082781	0.082498
Sea level anomaly (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.110057	0.102881	0.107841	0.110046	0.114208	0.112701	0.118804	0.112973	0.112967	0.115529
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.218610	0.215253	0.216777	0.217603	0.216461	0.216236	0.217765	0.219056	0.218326	0.219422
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.196082	0.194355	0.195085	0.197455	0.196619	0.197154	0.196851	0.198238	0.197374	0.197857

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	9.758659	17.817694	24.837852	31.26663	37.375301	43.183163	48.775433	54.24789

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.037123	0.045216	0.047464	0.051446	0.055442	0.059216	0.063952	0.062562	0.064926	0.066781
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.455954	0.477883	0.491187	0.535530	0.564949	0.589854	0.596757	0.672768	0.673717	0.691811
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.294498	0.346014	0.325646	0.344821	0.355085	0.379735	0.398925	0.413206	0.420524	0.456568
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.056523	0.068676	0.077716	0.085671	0.093528	0.099900	0.105940	0.111676	0.114455	0.117246
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.059520	0.070752	0.079324	0.087838	0.095723	0.102770	0.108609	0.114841	0.118523	0.120753
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.707806	0.706562	0.708213	0.749598	0.784736	0.804807	0.825954	0.825236	0.831061	0.851020
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.129332	0.142118	0.148357	0.150506	0.165698	0.166223	0.160395	0.170150	0.174652	0.186956
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.044304	0.052445	0.060163	0.067345	0.074779	0.081897	0.088133	0.094376	0.097346	0.100310
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.046630	0.054840	0.062469	0.070770	0.077162	0.084299	0.091735	0.097447	0.101125	0.104131
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.544285	0.567749	0.582290	0.631334	0.652210	0.688369	0.711738	0.754735	0.777956	0.793838
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.102422	0.109875	0.108078	0.121754	0.119076	0.123737	0.124742	0.131962	0.132711	0.128710
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.038460	0.048236	0.055699	0.062519	0.069975	0.076883	0.082798	0.088673	0.091727	0.094408
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.038659	0.049246	0.056946	0.064206	0.071482	0.078352	0.084344	0.090058	0.093504	0.096171
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.428114	0.394933	0.403695	0.449591	0.459559	0.482330	0.519675	0.541523	0.540360	0.554190
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.070416	0.069664	0.068458	0.077569	0.077989	0.082608	0.087178	0.090104	0.091453	0.092493
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.060596	0.037531	0.042257	0.049847	0.054814	0.061398	0.067329	0.072536	0.075123	0.077851
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.055823	0.037042	0.041714	0.049626	0.054113	0.060370	0.066410	0.071319	0.074034	0.076780
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.377492	0.330574	0.339966	0.378745	0.395340	0.418305	0.443765	0.467988	0.472266	0.481489
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.061100	0.058745	0.060048	0.065720	0.067156	0.070489	0.074705	0.076937	0.078033	0.079402
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.055913	0.034887	0.039474	0.046798	0.051431	0.057584	0.063246	0.068257	0.070806	0.073465
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.051115	0.033977	0.038651	0.046016	0.050388	0.056137	0.061987	0.066657	0.069234	0.071874
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.299626	0.270410	0.265206	0.307964	0.316179	0.325057	0.349857	0.368248	0.370777	0.375762
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.050934	0.050468	0.048570	0.054090	0.053630	0.056693	0.058931	0.060627	0.060589	0.062069
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.047067	0.031620	0.035942	0.042635	0.046488	0.051518	0.056672	0.060893	0.063176	0.065505
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.042608	0.030756	0.035164	0.041945	0.045562	0.050298	0.055466	0.059488	0.061799	0.064136

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	62.446908	61.533909	63.250187	68.586497	60.337397	61.913566	69.062737	66.335303	70.333577	60.617887

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.069740	0.074659	0.075610	0.085283	0.090444	0.093108	0.084986	0.091148	0.092623	0.094165
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.079789	0.081553	0.083744	0.085967	0.091814	0.091894	0.089745	0.095961	0.100332	0.100271

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	4.972106	9.765345	14.230118	18.624262	23.158251	27.797148	32.556671	37.473961