Open challenger datasets

import oceanbench

oceanbench.__version__

'0.2.0'

Insert here the code that opens the challenger dataset as challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2025 Mercator Ocean International <https://www.mercator-ocean.eu/>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: EUPL-1.2

# Open GLONET 1 degree interpolated challenger forecasts with xarray
import xarray
import oceanbench

challenger_dataset: xarray.Dataset = oceanbench.datasets.challenger.glonet_1_degree()

challenger_dataset

<xarray.Dataset> Size: 21GB
Dimensions:                          (first_day_datetime: 52,
                                      lead_day_index: 10, depth: 21,
                                      latitude: 168, longitude: 360)
Coordinates:
  * depth                            (depth) float32 84B 0.494 ... 5.275e+03
  * lead_day_index                   (lead_day_index) int64 80B 0 1 2 ... 7 8 9
  * first_day_datetime               (first_day_datetime) datetime64[us] 416B ...
  * latitude                         (latitude) float64 1kB -77.5 -76.5 ... 89.5
  * longitude                        (longitude) float64 3kB -179.5 ... 179.5
Data variables:
    sea_water_salinity               (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float64 5GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    sea_water_potential_temperature  (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float64 5GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    eastward_sea_water_velocity      (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float64 5GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    northward_sea_water_velocity     (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude) float64 5GB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
    sea_surface_height_above_geoid   (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude) float64 252MB dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>
Attributes:
    regrid_method:                 bilinear
    oceanbench_source_kind:        challenger
    oceanbench_source_name:        glonet
    oceanbench_source_resolution:  one_degree

xarray.Dataset

• Dimensions:
  • first_day_datetime: 52
  • lead_day_index: 10
  • depth: 21
  • latitude: 168
  • longitude: 360
• Coordinates: (5)
  • depth
    (depth)
    float32
    0.494 47.37 ... 4.833e+03 5.275e+03

    long_name :

    Depth

    standard_name :

    depth

    units :

    m

    units_long :

    Meters

    array([4.940250e-01, 4.737369e+01, 9.232607e+01, 1.558507e+02, 2.224752e+02,
           3.181274e+02, 3.802130e+02, 4.539377e+02, 5.410889e+02, 6.435668e+02,
           7.633331e+02, 9.023393e+02, 1.245291e+03, 1.684284e+03, 2.225078e+03,
           3.220820e+03, 3.597032e+03, 3.992484e+03, 4.405224e+03, 4.833291e+03,
           5.274784e+03], dtype=float32)

  • lead_day_index
    (lead_day_index)
    int64
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

    array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

  • first_day_datetime
    (first_day_datetime)
    datetime64[us]
    2024-01-03 ... 2024-12-25

    array(['2024-01-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-01-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-01-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-02-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-02-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-06T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-13T00:00:00.000000', '2024-03-20T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-03-27T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-03T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-10T00:00:00.000000', '2024-04-17T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-04-24T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-01T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-08T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-15T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-05-22T00:00:00.000000', '2024-05-29T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-05T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-12T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-06-19T00:00:00.000000', '2024-06-26T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-03T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-10T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-17T00:00:00.000000', '2024-07-24T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-07-31T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-07T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-14T00:00:00.000000', '2024-08-21T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-08-28T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-04T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-11T00:00:00.000000', '2024-09-18T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-09-25T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-02T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-09T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-16T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-10-23T00:00:00.000000', '2024-10-30T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-06T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-13T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-11-20T00:00:00.000000', '2024-11-27T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-04T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-11T00:00:00.000000',
           '2024-12-18T00:00:00.000000', '2024-12-25T00:00:00.000000'],
          dtype='datetime64[us]')

  • latitude
    (latitude)
    float64
    -77.5 -76.5 -75.5 ... 88.5 89.5

    axis :

    Y

    long_name :

    Latitude

    standard_name :

    latitude

    units :

    degrees_north

    units_long :

    Degrees North

    array([-77.5, -76.5, -75.5, -74.5, -73.5, -72.5, -71.5, -70.5, -69.5, -68.5,
           -67.5, -66.5, -65.5, -64.5, -63.5, -62.5, -61.5, -60.5, -59.5, -58.5,
           -57.5, -56.5, -55.5, -54.5, -53.5, -52.5, -51.5, -50.5, -49.5, -48.5,
           -47.5, -46.5, -45.5, -44.5, -43.5, -42.5, -41.5, -40.5, -39.5, -38.5,
           -37.5, -36.5, -35.5, -34.5, -33.5, -32.5, -31.5, -30.5, -29.5, -28.5,
           -27.5, -26.5, -25.5, -24.5, -23.5, -22.5, -21.5, -20.5, -19.5, -18.5,
           -17.5, -16.5, -15.5, -14.5, -13.5, -12.5, -11.5, -10.5,  -9.5,  -8.5,
            -7.5,  -6.5,  -5.5,  -4.5,  -3.5,  -2.5,  -1.5,  -0.5,   0.5,   1.5,
             2.5,   3.5,   4.5,   5.5,   6.5,   7.5,   8.5,   9.5,  10.5,  11.5,
            12.5,  13.5,  14.5,  15.5,  16.5,  17.5,  18.5,  19.5,  20.5,  21.5,
            22.5,  23.5,  24.5,  25.5,  26.5,  27.5,  28.5,  29.5,  30.5,  31.5,
            32.5,  33.5,  34.5,  35.5,  36.5,  37.5,  38.5,  39.5,  40.5,  41.5,
            42.5,  43.5,  44.5,  45.5,  46.5,  47.5,  48.5,  49.5,  50.5,  51.5,
            52.5,  53.5,  54.5,  55.5,  56.5,  57.5,  58.5,  59.5,  60.5,  61.5,
            62.5,  63.5,  64.5,  65.5,  66.5,  67.5,  68.5,  69.5,  70.5,  71.5,
            72.5,  73.5,  74.5,  75.5,  76.5,  77.5,  78.5,  79.5,  80.5,  81.5,
            82.5,  83.5,  84.5,  85.5,  86.5,  87.5,  88.5,  89.5])

  • longitude
    (longitude)
    float64
    -179.5 -178.5 ... 178.5 179.5

    axis :

    X

    long_name :

    Longitude

    standard_name :

    longitude

    units :

    degrees_east

    units_long :

    Degrees East

    array([-179.5, -178.5, -177.5, ...,  177.5,  178.5,  179.5], shape=(360,))

• Data variables: (5)
  • sea_water_salinity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    sea_water_salinity

    Array Chunk Bytes 4.92 GiB 4.61 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 168, 360) (1, 10, 1, 168, 360) Dask graph 1092 chunks in 173 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • sea_water_potential_temperature
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    sea_water_potential_temperature

    Array Chunk Bytes 4.92 GiB 4.61 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 168, 360) (1, 10, 1, 168, 360) Dask graph 1092 chunks in 173 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • eastward_sea_water_velocity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    eastward_sea_water_velocity

    Array Chunk Bytes 4.92 GiB 4.61 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 168, 360) (1, 10, 1, 168, 360) Dask graph 1092 chunks in 173 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • northward_sea_water_velocity
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, depth, latitude, longitude)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 1, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    northward_sea_water_velocity

    Array Chunk Bytes 4.92 GiB 4.61 MiB Shape (52, 10, 21, 168, 360) (1, 10, 1, 168, 360) Dask graph 1092 chunks in 173 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

  • sea_surface_height_above_geoid
    (first_day_datetime, lead_day_index, latitude, longitude)
    float64
    dask.array<chunksize=(1, 10, 168, 360), meta=np.ndarray>

    standard_name :

    sea_surface_height_above_geoid

    Array Chunk Bytes 239.94 MiB 4.61 MiB Shape (52, 10, 168, 360) (1, 10, 168, 360) Dask graph 52 chunks in 173 graph layers Data type float64 numpy.ndarray

• Indexes: (5)
  • depth
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0.49402499198913574,   47.37369155883789,    92.3260726928711,
            155.85069274902344,  222.47520446777344,   318.1274108886719,
             380.2130126953125,   453.9377136230469,   541.0889282226562,
             643.5667724609375,   763.3331298828125,   902.3392944335938,
                1245.291015625,  1684.2840576171875,   2225.077880859375,
             3220.820068359375,   3597.031982421875,    3992.48388671875,
              4405.22412109375,      4833.291015625,     5274.7841796875],
          dtype='float32', name='depth'))

  • lead_day_index
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], dtype='int64', name='lead_day_index'))

  • first_day_datetime
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(DatetimeIndex(['2024-01-03', '2024-01-10', '2024-01-17', '2024-01-24',
                   '2024-01-31', '2024-02-07', '2024-02-14', '2024-02-21',
                   '2024-02-28', '2024-03-06', '2024-03-13', '2024-03-20',
                   '2024-03-27', '2024-04-03', '2024-04-10', '2024-04-17',
                   '2024-04-24', '2024-05-01', '2024-05-08', '2024-05-15',
                   '2024-05-22', '2024-05-29', '2024-06-05', '2024-06-12',
                   '2024-06-19', '2024-06-26', '2024-07-03', '2024-07-10',
                   '2024-07-17', '2024-07-24', '2024-07-31', '2024-08-07',
                   '2024-08-14', '2024-08-21', '2024-08-28', '2024-09-04',
                   '2024-09-11', '2024-09-18', '2024-09-25', '2024-10-02',
                   '2024-10-09', '2024-10-16', '2024-10-23', '2024-10-30',
                   '2024-11-06', '2024-11-13', '2024-11-20', '2024-11-27',
                   '2024-12-04', '2024-12-11', '2024-12-18', '2024-12-25'],
                  dtype='datetime64[us]', name='first_day_datetime', freq=None))

  • latitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([-77.5, -76.5, -75.5, -74.5, -73.5, -72.5, -71.5, -70.5, -69.5, -68.5,
           ...
            80.5,  81.5,  82.5,  83.5,  84.5,  85.5,  86.5,  87.5,  88.5,  89.5],
          dtype='float64', name='latitude', length=168))

  • longitude
    PandasIndex

    PandasIndex(Index([-179.5, -178.5, -177.5, -176.5, -175.5, -174.5, -173.5, -172.5, -171.5,
           -170.5,
           ...
            170.5,  171.5,  172.5,  173.5,  174.5,  175.5,  176.5,  177.5,  178.5,
            179.5],
          dtype='float64', name='longitude', length=360))

• Attributes: (4)

  regrid_method :

  bilinear

  oceanbench_source_kind :

  challenger

  oceanbench_source_name :

  glonet

  oceanbench_source_resolution :

  one_degree

Evaluation configuration

region = 'global'

Evaluation of challenger dataset using OceanBench

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.072576	0.077140	0.074584	0.077723	0.077854	0.082562	0.081395	0.083776	0.084180	0.089341
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.644767	0.658753	0.666609	0.674972	0.719667	0.737086	0.790039	0.801467	0.858046	0.883971
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.695336	0.690680	0.701630	0.697876	0.708750	0.702335	0.716360	0.711394	0.725806	0.713347
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.124145	0.123593	0.123962	0.124570	0.127508	0.128311	0.131263	0.133343	0.137204	0.138459
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.125008	0.124796	0.125901	0.127023	0.130780	0.131959	0.134763	0.137459	0.141816	0.143899
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.932033	0.939894	0.950124	0.965811	1.000804	1.035963	1.073927	1.128623	1.160630	1.230190
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.356817	0.355642	0.362938	0.362302	0.366908	0.366799	0.371767	0.372207	0.377401	0.378098
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.109733	0.109498	0.108382	0.109249	0.110327	0.112609	0.115194	0.118413	0.120747	0.123442
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.111381	0.111118	0.110243	0.110913	0.111928	0.113850	0.116238	0.119328	0.121899	0.125121
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	1.003276	1.008550	1.016495	1.031378	1.044441	1.074011	1.091417	1.133794	1.149986	1.202714
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.244229	0.244502	0.246805	0.247873	0.249162	0.250966	0.252124	0.254651	0.255435	0.258303
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.106211	0.106080	0.104734	0.105243	0.105620	0.106845	0.108272	0.109973	0.111191	0.112497
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.111051	0.111094	0.110074	0.110438	0.110872	0.112044	0.113540	0.115646	0.117291	0.119122
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.861688	0.865725	0.873222	0.877671	0.881218	0.888257	0.896178	0.905830	0.916021	0.926288
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.158675	0.158976	0.158642	0.159171	0.159446	0.160394	0.161048	0.162274	0.162879	0.164201
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.102709	0.102677	0.100955	0.101195	0.101018	0.101687	0.102247	0.103257	0.103718	0.104515
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.108551	0.108483	0.107241	0.107375	0.107398	0.108042	0.108801	0.109901	0.110558	0.111405
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.728434	0.729270	0.728623	0.729509	0.722984	0.726183	0.724738	0.731165	0.733624	0.739318
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.123112	0.123033	0.123074	0.122954	0.123210	0.123316	0.123857	0.124255	0.124824	0.125183
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.100036	0.099997	0.098171	0.098359	0.098004	0.098568	0.098932	0.099821	0.100091	0.100805
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.104256	0.104146	0.102557	0.102577	0.102315	0.102731	0.103177	0.103921	0.104323	0.104926
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.542101	0.544314	0.532411	0.535383	0.534560	0.538798	0.544095	0.549719	0.556292	0.560579
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.090319	0.090284	0.090090	0.090097	0.090652	0.090806	0.091728	0.092089	0.092925	0.093273
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.091436	0.091351	0.089582	0.089602	0.089173	0.089458	0.089642	0.090113	0.090264	0.090634
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.095198	0.095058	0.093440	0.093363	0.093075	0.093312	0.093623	0.094109	0.094435	0.094825

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	54.034344	53.733036	56.280006	55.974964	59.078743	59.179981	61.606152	61.745243	63.547821	63.969696

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.056341	0.057594	0.060897	0.063396	0.067238	0.070931	0.073611	0.079191	0.080915	0.08722
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.053383	0.055800	0.060219	0.061337	0.066939	0.069259	0.074222	0.078468	0.083616	0.08686

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to observations

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_observations(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.775237	0.803937	0.792737	0.812278	0.850146	0.891590	0.925560	0.928761	0.986945	0.961231
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{0-5m}	0.841748	0.862768	0.903703	0.928469	0.926088	0.958996	0.990924	0.990069	1.024315	1.063971
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{5-100m}	1.077179	1.071578	1.054999	1.083936	1.103672	1.113997	1.155901	1.205932	1.218499	1.252428
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100-300m}	0.888206	0.894975	0.886626	0.898622	0.922325	0.915016	0.946935	0.961482	0.976720	0.983816
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300-600m}	0.580271	0.593680	0.566987	0.573327	0.580409	0.577690	0.592389	0.599414	0.605761	0.594901
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{0-5m}	0.232865	0.234265	0.238513	0.247162	0.243839	0.254736	0.243189	0.246192	0.260047	0.259480
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{5-100m}	0.195986	0.194802	0.201034	0.193811	0.202015	0.200514	0.208064	0.204714	0.211574	0.214362
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100-300m}	0.131669	0.131901	0.131141	0.129201	0.132905	0.130169	0.136782	0.134545	0.137293	0.137389
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300-600m}	0.080198	0.080642	0.079084	0.079779	0.081264	0.081164	0.083409	0.085070	0.085585	0.084906
Sea level anomaly (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.112745	0.107874	0.112713	0.111760	0.116412	0.112368	0.117440	0.118631	0.122917	0.119379
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.211520	0.210419	0.212250	0.212974	0.211866	0.212488	0.215549	0.216343	0.215937	0.217713
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{15m}	0.192951	0.192581	0.193156	0.194664	0.194824	0.195966	0.196147	0.197292	0.197334	0.198264

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLORYS reanalysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glorys_reanalysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	9.613346	17.600615	24.71722	31.45088	37.985863	44.40226	50.76429	57.103271

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of variables compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_variables_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Sea surface height (m) [sea_surface_height_above_geoid]{surface}	0.024053	0.028364	0.031564	0.037789	0.043556	0.048307	0.051910	0.057130	0.060442	0.064386
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{surface}	0.383194	0.402700	0.470607	0.486429	0.574881	0.603087	0.682861	0.701459	0.773013	0.804574
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{surface}	0.130301	0.134218	0.188580	0.196884	0.234935	0.245544	0.275013	0.284168	0.310684	0.317906
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.068720	0.072210	0.071696	0.080154	0.089491	0.097834	0.106964	0.114968	0.122564	0.127528
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.065170	0.068914	0.071536	0.080798	0.091475	0.100134	0.108913	0.117631	0.126151	0.131973
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{50m}	0.671593	0.677412	0.709021	0.730087	0.792182	0.836679	0.901521	0.965808	1.017523	1.091914
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{50m}	0.084824	0.086585	0.118031	0.120842	0.141293	0.145088	0.161172	0.164908	0.177968	0.180728
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.047544	0.049904	0.054088	0.059033	0.065394	0.073140	0.081714	0.090339	0.096980	0.103388
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{50m}	0.046503	0.048567	0.054497	0.059779	0.066147	0.073922	0.082523	0.091441	0.098813	0.106246
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{100m}	0.499362	0.504406	0.565992	0.592878	0.666968	0.715242	0.788526	0.850563	0.910768	0.975678
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{100m}	0.068174	0.068804	0.092161	0.093675	0.110020	0.112125	0.124911	0.127194	0.136863	0.138062
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.041800	0.043060	0.047306	0.051664	0.057596	0.064189	0.071754	0.078802	0.084622	0.089741
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{100m}	0.040441	0.041930	0.047341	0.052175	0.058360	0.065405	0.073086	0.080823	0.087252	0.093232
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{200m}	0.377613	0.383778	0.433543	0.449911	0.485675	0.513153	0.550019	0.584510	0.613967	0.645137
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{200m}	0.047639	0.048023	0.065600	0.067034	0.079339	0.081835	0.091386	0.094446	0.101183	0.103645
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.032549	0.032988	0.036943	0.040766	0.046264	0.052347	0.059152	0.065790	0.071043	0.075904
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{200m}	0.031089	0.031666	0.036129	0.040102	0.045587	0.051869	0.058637	0.065392	0.070734	0.075867
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{300m}	0.321997	0.326577	0.367857	0.381615	0.403215	0.429028	0.453210	0.485804	0.505210	0.533927
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{300m}	0.044521	0.044778	0.057844	0.059207	0.067651	0.070195	0.076636	0.079900	0.084238	0.087047
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.029401	0.029755	0.033622	0.037249	0.042517	0.048342	0.054774	0.061132	0.066141	0.070870
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{300m}	0.028102	0.028505	0.032829	0.036619	0.041770	0.047715	0.054050	0.060456	0.065458	0.070363
Temperature (°C) [sea_water_potential_temperature]{500m}	0.184933	0.186594	0.236367	0.243494	0.287189	0.299946	0.338989	0.355525	0.385291	0.398034
Salinity (PSU) [sea_water_salinity]{500m}	0.031850	0.031875	0.042590	0.043272	0.051275	0.052470	0.058654	0.060329	0.064660	0.066038
Meridional current (m/s) [northward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.025006	0.025434	0.029200	0.032777	0.037591	0.042823	0.048473	0.054028	0.058479	0.062627
Zonal current (m/s) [eastward_sea_water_velocity]{500m}	0.023838	0.024249	0.028514	0.032037	0.036753	0.041949	0.047429	0.052998	0.057435	0.061733

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_mixed_layer_depth_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Mixed layer depth (m) [ocean_mixed_layer_thickness]{surface}	47.507549	46.968983	50.818451	50.737309	54.439171	54.857555	57.360931	57.74757	59.327274	60.192303

Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of geostrophic currents compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.rmsd_of_geostrophic_currents_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 1	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9	Lead day 10
Meridional geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_northward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.028047	0.032559	0.040049	0.044709	0.051171	0.057493	0.062162	0.070247	0.072807	0.080489
Zonal geostrophic current (m/s) [geostrophic_eastward_sea_water_velocity]{surface}	0.030112	0.036983	0.044015	0.047325	0.054228	0.058690	0.065352	0.071432	0.077038	0.081096

Deviation of Lagrangian trajectories compared to GLO12 analysis

oceanbench.metrics.deviation_of_lagrangian_trajectories_compared_to_glo12_analysis(
    challenger_dataset,
    region=region,
)

	Lead day 2	Lead day 3	Lead day 4	Lead day 5	Lead day 6	Lead day 7	Lead day 8	Lead day 9
Lagrangian trajectory deviation (km) []{surface}	4.401112	8.233245	11.914399	16.05942	20.661882	25.641344	30.979973	36.628365